Summary
Summary Human Development Across the Life Span Chapter 2
- Course
- Institution
- Book
Detailed summary of the 2nd chapter.
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
More summaries for
-
Sharpen Your Knowledge with the 2023-2024 [Life-Span Human Development,Sigelman,7e] Test Bank
-
Chapter 5 - Life-Span Human Development, 9th Edition
Seller
Followvanessa94
Reviews received
Content preview
Developmental Psychology – Chapter 2 “Way to Think About HumanDevelopment”
2.1 Developmental Theories and the Issues They Raise
Set of ideas to describe and explain human development
Provides organization of studies, and a framework for interpreting data
A theory guides:
o How development should be studied
o What is most important to study
o What can be hypothesized and predicted
o How to analyze data
o Interpret the results of studies
o Realize where the authors come from
o Compare the findings to those of other studies
Theoretical viewpoints of human development
o Psychoanalytic viewpoint (Freud, Erikson)
o Learning perspective (Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Bandura)
o Cognitive developmental viewpoint (Piaget)
o System theory approach (Bronfenbrenner, Gottlieb, Thelen)
Theory classification
o Goodness-badness human nature
Are people/babies inherently good or bad?
Tabula rasa, blank slate
o Nature-nurture
o Activity-passivity
Are humans active in influencing their environment?
Are humans active in producing their own development?
Or are they passively shaped by forces beyond their
control (biological)?
o Continuity-discontinuity
Do humans change gradually or abruptly?
Quantitative changes: changes in degree, continuity
Qualitative changes: changes in kind, discontinuity
o Universality-context specificity
Whether developmental changes are common or differ
across cultures, individuals etc.
o Broad-narrow
Some theories comprise a broad area of human
development, others specific developmental constructs
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (narrow)
, o Pathological-typical
Some theories are directed at typical development, others
at atypical development
Erikson’s theory on identity development
Atypical development (Pathology)
o Can you think of a theory focused on pathology instead of typical
development?
o The developmental trajectory of antisocial personality disorder: from
oppositional defiant disorder in childhood, and conduct disorder in
adolescence
o ODD: anger-guided disobedience, hostility toward authority figures
o CD: persistent pattern of behavior in which the rights of others or
age-appropriate norms are violated
o Antisocial personality disorder: pervasive pattern of violation of the
rights of others
Research dimensions
o When setting up a study, we can distinguish 3 dimensions in
research:
The static-dynamic dimension
Static studies: predict psychological scores from factors
measured in a large sample
o If scores of anti-social behavior can be predicted
by gender, SES…
Dynamic studies look at the process of change within
an individual or small group
o How feelings change after each intervention in
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
o How the adaptation between student and
teacher changes during a lesson
The micro-macro dimension
, Micro studies: take measures on a short time scale
o How feelings change during one therapy session
o The number of antisocial interactions on the
playground during a 15-minute break
Macro studies: take aggregated measures based on
multiple short time frames
o The average change in feelings over the course
of multiple therapy sessions
o The average number of antisocial interactions on
the playground during a week
The direct-indirect dimension
Direct: obtain the information directly from the
respondent(s)
o Ask children to rate on a 7-point scale how often
they watch violent TV-series
Indirect: obtain the information from an outside source
o Ask the teacher to rate how often antisocial
behavior occurs in his classroom
o Ask parents to fill out the CBCL to see if a child
shows depression symptoms
2.2 Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory
Instincts and unconscious motives
o Humans have basic biological drives that must be satisfied
o Newborns as selfish creatures driven by instincts
o Biological instincts as the source of the psychic (mental) energy that
fuels human behavior; channeled in new directions over the course
of human development
o Unconscious motivation: the power is instincts and other inner
forces influencing behavior
o Negative view of human nature
Id, ego and superego
o The psychic energy is divided into those 3 components
o At birth, all energy resides the id
o The ego begins to emerge during infancy
o The superego develops from the ego as 3 to 6 year-olds internalize
the moral standards and values of their parents
o Psychological problems develop when psychic energy is unevenly
distributed
Psychosexual development
o Libido: sex instinct
o Psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital (p.50)
o Fixation: arrested development in which part of the libido remains
tied to an earlier stage
o In phallic stage: odipus/electra complex, then identification; taking
same-sex parent’s values into superego
Defense mechanisms
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller vanessa94. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R59,63. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
50843 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now