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Class notes Life Sciences (Reproductive strategies)
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- Life Sciences
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- 12
Covers the Reproductive strategies for matric
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Reproductive Strategies:- Goal of all animals is to produce the most surviving
offspring while using the least energy
- Unique reproductive strategies ensure maximum
reproductive success
- Reproductive strategies are linked to the way an animal
uses energy to produce viable offspring
- In sexual reproduction energy is needed for :
1. Mates need to find each other
2. Competition for mates
3. Reproductive behaviour needs to be perfectly timed
4. Creating offspring
5. Feeding and protecting young
Survival Strategies:
K AND R strategies:
- R-strategy : energy is used to produce many offspring BUT
little or no parental care e.g. frogs and fish
- K-strategy : energy used to produced fewer, larger
offspring and higher parental care e.g. humans, primates
-
, Courtship :
- To attract another animal for breeding/ mating
Partner selection
Female usually chooses partner
Reproductive success
Continuation of lineage
Genes passed on to the next generation
Reproductive fitness – many offsprings
Fitter – survive better in a changing environment
Types of courtship rituals:
- Simple strategies:
Visual displays e.g. colourful feathers
Calls
Flashes of light e.g. firefly
Birdsong
- Complex strategies:
Unique feathers/ displays
Specific to each species
Reinforce bonding
Beauty/ appearance/ fighting skills/ dances/
vocalization
Examples:
1. Blue crane : complex calls and dances
2. Springbok : annual rut – male fight territory and females
3. Hoopoe birds : courtship feeding – males and females feed
each other
Types of fertilization :
Internal Fertilization:
- Most reptiles, birds and some fish have a cloaca ( opening
located on the abdomen). Sperm is placed in the cloaca,
then travels to egg.
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