EDT1601 2021S01 SUMMARY
EDT1601
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS & KEYS ..................................................................................................................................... 2
DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 1 – Happy Teen or Juvenile Delinquent? Risks & Resources in Adolescence ................... 8
CHAPTER 2 – Physical Development ...............................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3 – Cognitive Development .............................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 4 – Social Development ...................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 5 – Emotional, Moral & Spiritual Development ..........................................................................42
CHAPTER 6 - Transition .......................................................................................................................................50
CHAPTER 7 – Developmental Challenges ......................................................................................................55
CHAPTER 8 – Social Concerns ..........................................................................................................................62
CHAPTER 9 – Teaching, Learning & Motivation ...........................................................................................73
CHAPTER 10 - Resilience ....................................................................................................................................79
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,EDT1601 2021S01 SUMMARY
ABBREVIATIONS & KEYS
ABBR / KEY MEANING
{Ass01} Info for Assignment 1 answers
{Ass02} Info for Assignment 2 answers
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BMI Body Mass Index
DBE Department of Basic Education
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DOH Department of Health
DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSS Department of Social Services
ECD Early Childhood Development
Eg. For Example
HIV Human Immune Deficiency Virus
HPV Human Papilloma Virus
IHSP Integrated School Health Programme
IQ Intelligence Quotient
Italics Additional info obtained from the internet &/ other sources
ito In Terms Of
JD Juvenile Delinquency
LGTB Lesbian, Gay, Transsexual & Bisexual
LPAD Learning Potential Assessment Drive
LSD Lysergic Acid Diethylamide
LTM Long-term Memory
MI Multiple Intelligences
MLE Mediated Learning Experience
Msgs Messages
PCP Phencyclidine (phenylcyclohexyl piperidine)
PMS Premenstrual Syndrome
PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
re Regarding
SE Self-Esteem
STD’s Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
STI’s Sexually Transmitted Infections
STM Short-term Memory
Txt Text
vs Versus (against)
yellow Words which are defined in the Definitions List
DEFINITIONS
TERM DEFINITION
Abortion The termination of pregnancy before the foetus is able to live outside the uterus.
Abstract Thought The ability to think about something apart from the actual object / particular instance.
Achievement Motivation The tendency to strive for success and to meet realistic goals; a personality variable that differs from one person to the next.
Adversity Personal disabilities / life circumstances / traumatic experiences that predict negative outcomes or maladjustment.
Affective Development Concerned with the development of those aspects pertaining to the emotions, feelings and sensations.
Abstract Reasoning Most closely related to fluid intelligence: our ability to quickly reason with information to solve new, unfamiliar problems,
independent of any prior knowledge. It includes lateral and flexible thinking, logical reasoning, and generating solutions
beyond the most obvious.
Adolescence Derived from the Latin verb adolescere, meaning ‘to grow up’/ ‘to grow to adulthood’, thus referring to a development phase
in the human life cycle that is situated between childhood and adulthood.
Adolescent Adaptation The ability to overcome developmental changes, including physiological and physical, by using developmental ability for
abstract thinking.
Adult-Like Behaviour Qualities of an individual’s personality exhibited in words and actions (psychological characteristics), eg. Physical and soc ial
independence & autonomy, ability to rake responsibility, independent decision making, ability to empathise and ability to
accept minor frustrations.
Alcohol Abuse The use of alcohol to a degree that causes physical damage, impairs physical, social, intellectual or occupational functioning
or results in harmful behaviour to self &/ others (Rice & Dolgin 2014)
Alcoholism A disorder involving long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive & excessive use of alcohol that impairs health, work &
social relationships (Santrock 2013)
Amenorrhoea The abnormal absence of monthly menstrual periods.
Anaemia (Iron Deficiency) A condition in which there is a deficiency of red cells or of haemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.
Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, light-headedness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat.
Anorexia Nervosa A life-threatening emotional disorder characterised by a drastic reduction of food intake, a drive to thinness & an unhealthy
loss of weight (Carr 2006; Sadick & Sadock 2007; Levine & Munsch 2011; Papalia & Feldman 2012).
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,EDT1601 2021S01 SUMMARY
TERM DEFINITION
Anxiety A complex pattern of three types of reactions to a perceived threat, namely 1. Motor reactions,2. psychological reactions
and 3. Subjective responses.
Aptitude A person’s potential to attain a particular level of competence.
Attitude A Mental state of readiness that has direct / indirect directive influence on a person’s actions in relation to ll objects &
situations confronting him/her (vdAardweg x2, 1988).
Autonomy / Autonomous The ability of the person to make his or her own decisions. Self-regulating & independent.
Axillary The armpit.
Apocrine Glands Multicellular glands that release some cytoplasm when secreting.
Areolae The pigmented areas surrounding the nipples.
Aspirations Strong desires / ambitions.
Basal Metabolism The rate at which the resting body burns off calories.
Barbiturate A drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant. Barbiturates are effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and
anticonvulsants, but have physical and psychological addiction potential as well as overdose potential among other possible
adverse effects [wikipedia.com].
Brain A complex, interrelated, dynamic organ that works as an integral whole. An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the
skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating centre of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.
Buffering The impact of isolated or cumulative risks is absorbed and lessened by the presence of certain factors and processes.
Bulimia Nervosa An emotional disorder characterized by a distorted body image and an obsessive desire to lose weight, in which bouts of
extreme overeating are followed by fasting or self-induced vomiting or purging.
Buoyancy A cheerful and optimistic attitude or disposition.
Body Image The mental picture one forms about one’s appearance & the one’s attitude towards this appearance.
Buffer Guard against; to soften the impact.
Career Indecision The difficulties individuals have in making career decisions, such as a lack of readiness to make a career choice, a lack of &
inconsistent info (Morgan & Ness, 2003; Stead & Watson, 2006).
Catharsis The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.
Child-Headed Households Where children under the age of 18 take on the responsibility of looking after younger siblings & running the household due
to an absence of adults.
Chrono Concerning time.
Chugging An activity of swallowing large amounts of liquor in as little time as possible to prove one’s toughness.
Cerebral Cortex The outer layer of grey matter covering each brain hemisphere that controls sensory & motor processes, perception &
intellectual functioning.
Chronic adversity Ongoing, long-term adversity.
Cognitive Neuroscience Interdisciplinary study of human cognition that looks at the psychological, computational & biological mechanisms that have
an impact on human thought / cognition.
Cognitive Development The development of a person’s understanding & mental / intellectual ability.
Conform To be in agreement wit / comply with.
Congruent Identity A sense of self that is in harmony with one’s inner self & one’s environment.
Concrete-Operational Developmental Phase Characterized by remarkable cognitive growth, when children’s development of language and acquisition of basic skills
accelerate dramatically.
Constructivist Theory Asserts that one learns through a continual process of building, interpreting and modifying one’s own representation on
reality, based on one’s experiences with reality; the idea that learners construct knowledge for themselves, rather thn being
passive receivers of info.
Corporal Punishment Punishment of the body, ie. Whipping or beating.
Conduit A channel for conveying water or other fluid.
Congruent In agreement / harmony.
Conscience A uniquely human, inherent ability to distinguish between right // wrong, good // evil and proper // improper.
Cooperative Learning A structured method of combining classroom-based education with practical work experience. A cooperative education
experience, commonly known as a "co-op", provides academic credit for structured job experience.
Corpus Callosum A broad band of nerve fibres joining the two hemispheres of the brain.
Covert Verbal Though Covert pronunciation is the act of imagining that one is speaking a particular syllable, word, phrase, or sentence. It can serve
many purposes, such as helping the imaginer to learn a new word, think about a speech passage, plan a series of activities,
or solve a problem.
Creativity -The process of sensing gaps or missing elements and forming ideas or hypotheses concerning them (Torrance 1962)
-To see things in a new light and to produce something never seen (Papalia & Feldman 2012)
-The ability to produce novel responses appropriate in context and valued by others (Van der Zanden 1980, Sternberg 2002,
Sigelman & Rider 2012)
Cultural Diversity The existence of a variety of cultural groups within a society. These groups can share characteristics, eg. culture, religion ,
ethnicity, language, nationality, sexual orientation, class, gender, age, disability, health differences, geographic location, etc.
[salto-youth.net]
Culture The everyday practices, beliefs & values shared by a group of people.
Culminate Reaching a high point.
Cumulative risk Multiple risk factors manifests at a particular time; adding up / increased quantity.
Cutting Self-mutilation through cuts which is usually a secret action in an attempt to relieve & control emotional pain.
Cyberbullying Harassment on computers and the internet.
Or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are also
known as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has
expanded and technology has advanced [Wikipedia.com].
Decentration The ability to focus on more than one attribute; the adolescent starts to develop a more realistic life plan.
Defence Mechanism Unconscious distortions of reality to protect the self against anxiety; internal automatic processes to avoid thinking about /
dealing with what one is afraid of.
Disequilibrium A loss / lack of balance.
Distress Excessive negative stress.
Divergent Thinking A cognitive process (mode of critical thinking) in which there is not only one correct answer; guessing and experimenting
and generating many responses to a question / problem.
DNA The molecule that encodes the genetic structure.
Dropouts Learners who leave school before completing a programme of study.
Drug Any substance (not food) that alters the functioning of the body & the mind.
Eating Disorders A broad term used to cover a range of conditions characterised by severe disturbances in eating and appetite practices &
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, EDT1601 2021S01 SUMMARY
TERM DEFINITION
behaviours.
Ectomorph Tends to be thin, and struggles to gain weight as either body fat or muscle. They can eat piles of food and stay looking the
same, even when gaining muscular weight is their biggest goal. People who battle to gain muscle are often known as
"hardgainers”.
Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem Ecology The study of the living and non-living components within the environment and how they interact with each other.
Egocentrism The tendency to look at something from one’s own viewpoint without taking the others’ views into account.
Equilibration In Piaget’s Theory of Development: The process by which cognitive structures change from one state to another.
Equilibrium A state of balance.
Eustress Positive stress.
Emancipation The fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.
Emotion A state of consciousness or a feeling, felt as subjective reaction of the total organism, accompanied by physiological arousal,
and resulting in observable behavioural changes / responses. (Bergin & Bergin, 2014)
Emotional Development The development of attachment, trust, security, love and affection as well as a variety of emotions, feelings and
temperaments.
Endomorph Said to have a higher percentage of body fat with less muscle mass. They're often heavier and rounder, but not necessarily
obese. Because of their physical makeup, people with endomorphic bodies are more sensitive to calorie consumption than
people with other body types
Ethnic Identity The sum total of group members’ feelings about the symbols, values and common histories that identify them as a distinct
group; not merely knowing that one is a member of a certain ethnic identity.
Existential Angst Sometimes called existential dread, anxiety, or anguish, is a term common to many existentialist thinkers. It is generally
held to be a negative feeling arising from the experience of human freedom and responsibility. Existential anxiety tends to
arise during times of change, or when you're entering a new stage in life and your stability is challenged. Symptoms might
include a deep sense of distress about the meaning of life and preoccupation with future unknowns.
Extrinsic Factors Reasons / influences from outside the self.
Extrinsic Motivation Motivation that is not inherent in the person, but based on factors that are outside the person.
Extended Family The family group that includes family members other than the parents and children.
Fatigue Extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness. Fatigue can have causes that aren't due to underlying
disease. Examples include lack of sleep, heavy exertion, jet lag, a large meal or ageing.
Flynn Effect A systematic increase in IQ scores (three points per decade since the 1940s) over the 20 th century.
Formal-Operational Developmental Phase The child at this stage is capable of forming hypotheses and deducing possible consequences, allowing the child to construct
his own mathematics. Furthermore, the child typically begins to develop abstract thought patterns where reasoning is
executed using pure symbols without the necessity of perceptive data.
Formication The sensation of bugs crawling under the skin.
Gender A personal conception of oneself as male / female / intersex.
Gender Role The outward manifestation of personality that reflects one’s gender identity.
Gene Environment Interactions How genes and the environment work together.
Genetically Determined Limit A limit that is set by one’s genes.
Gonadotrophin A sex hormone responsible for successful reproductive function.
Growth Hormone The pituitary hormone that stimulates the rapid growth and development of body cells.
Glass ‘Half-Empty’ Perspective Needs-based, deficit model, pathology.
Glass ‘Half-Full’ Perspective Strength-based, asset-based, positive psychology.
Group Identity A person's sense of belonging to a particular group. At its core, the concept describes social influence within a group. This
influence may be based on some social category or on interpersonal interaction among group members.
Growth Spurt A sharp increase in height & weight that precedes sexual maturity in adolescence.
Haemoglobin A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each
containing an iron atom bound to a haem group.
Hardiness The ability to endure difficult conditions; a pathway to resilience – having meaningful purpose in life and believing in ones
ability ti influence the environment.
Hepatitis A disease characterized by inflammation of the liver.
Hippocampus An area in the brain that is critical for LTM formation & learning.
Homogeneous Group Formed of parts / people that are all the same.
Hormones Substances produced within the body and carried by the blood to an organ, which the hormones stimulate to assist growth,
etc.
Hypothalamus An area at the base of the brain.
Hypothetical Deduction A scientific method in which the researcher begins with a few empirical facts and, on a number of postulates / hypotheses
to be proven.
Identification The activity adolescents are engaged in with the view of reconciling the self-image with the ideal image of the self.
Identity The meaning a person attaches to him-/herself as a person. A well-organised conception of the self, made up of values,
beliefs & goals to which the individual is firmly committed (to achieve identity is to answer the question: ‘Who am I?’).
Identity Diffusion A part of the process of a person figuring out who they are. Typically, it is the part of adolescence when a person has not yet
fully realized their social identity or defined their personality traits - and they are not actively seeking to.
Imaginary Audience The preoccupation with what you believe other people are thinking of you.
Information Processing The process of how knowledge is acquired, stored & used.
Information-Processing Capacity The idea of information processing was adopted by cognitive psychologists as a model of how human thought works. ...
Hence the information processing approach characterizes thinking as the environment providing input of data, which is then
transformed by our senses.
Innovation The creation, development and implementation of a new product, process or service, with the aim of improving efficiency,
effectiveness or competitive advantage.
Intelligence -Ability that reflects the organisation of the person as a whole and influences the person’s general experience, cultural
environment and human relationships (Gordon 1975)
-Sheer brainpower (Kokot 1999)
-An innate capacity to learn, think, reason, understand and solve problems (Rice & Dolgin 2008)
-The capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning and the ability to adapt to the
surrounding environment (Sternberg & Sternberg 2012)
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) The ratio of mental age to chronological age, expressed as a percentage.
Internalising Making attitudes, feelings, beliefs, etc. fully part of one’s personality by absorbing them through repeated experience /
exposure to them.
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