In-depth set of biology notes on the Human Nervous system and Receptors, as well as all parts of the brain and their functions. These are summarised notes from the textbook provided by the IEB for Grade 11's.
Notes come with pictures and labels for further understanding of the topic.
SUPPORTING SYSTEMS AND
MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
- 3 types of skeletons
- Hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton
Hydrostatic skeleton
- Consists of fluid-filled chambers inside the body that provide support
against which muscles contract to bring about movement.
- In soft bodied invertebrates → jellyfish
- How do they move?
- Contracting muscles around the fluid-filled cavity creates pressure that
causes a change in shape of the animal → movement.
- DISADVANTAGES:
- Lack well-developed skeletal defense mechanisms
- Restricted range of movement
Exoskeleton
- Exo = outside
- Exoskeleton made from chitin (a type of polysaccharide)
- ADVANTAGES:
- External structure supports and protects the animal
- Has a cuticle to reduce water loss
- DISADVANTAGES:
- Limited mobility due to their rigidity
- Limited growth in their exoskeleton and therefore have to moult
, Endoskeletons
- Within the body
- All vertebrates
- Made from either bone or cartilage
- ADVANTAGES:
- Supports body → gives it shape
- Is made up of living tissue that can grow as the animal increases in size
- TISSUES MAKING UP ENDOSKELETON
1.) Cartilage
2.) Bone
1.) Cartilage
- Occurs in isolated areas of body such as nose
- 3 types → Hylene (in nose), elastic (ear), and fibrous cartilage
(intervertebral discs)
- CARTILAGE MADE UP OF?
- Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)
- Surrounded by a matrix made up of jelly-like substance
- Large amount of tissue fluid
- WHY IMPORTANT?
- Lines many joints, facilitating smooth movement
- Acts as shock absorber between vertebrae
2.) Bone
- Hardest tissue in body
- HOW IS BONE TISSUE MADE UP?
- Bone tissue is made up of osteocytes (largest living bone cell) in
lacunae (an unfilled space) set in the matrix = made up of collagen
fibres that stick to each other in a criss-cross pattern, giving bone its
flexibility, making it strong.
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