A summary of the teaching block on eukaryotic gene regulation. Includes:
- Gene structure
- Levels of regulation
- Control of transcriptional initiation
- Chromatin structure
- Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression
EUKARYOTIC GENE REGULATION................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 2
GENERAL CONCEPTS...............................................................................................................................................2
EUKARYOTIC VS PROKARYOTIC.................................................................................................................................2
GENE STRUCTURE..................................................................................................................................................2
Cis-acting elements:........................................................................................................................................3
LEVELS OF REGULATION..........................................................................................................................................3
CONTROL OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL INITIATION................................................................................................. 3
POLYMERASES.......................................................................................................................................................3
RNA Pol II Transcription..................................................................................................................................3
BASAL FACTORS.................................................................................................................................................... 4
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS........................................................................................................................................4
Transcription Factor Domains.........................................................................................................................5
TF activity is tightly controlled:.......................................................................................................................5
INTEGRATION OF CELLULAR INFORMATION..................................................................................................................5
REPORTER ASSAYS.................................................................................................................................................5
CHROMATIN STRUCTURE.............................................................................................................................. 6
CHROMATIN REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION.............................................................................................................6
HISTONE MODIFICATION......................................................................................................................................... 6
Lysine acetylation:..........................................................................................................................................6
CHROMATIN REMODELING (EPIGENETIC EFFECTS).........................................................................................................7
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION.......................................................................7
(MRNA) SPLICING.................................................................................................................................................7
SIRNA.................................................................................................................................................................7
MIRNA............................................................................................................................................................... 8
miRNA processing:..........................................................................................................................................8
MIRNA & SIRNA DOWN-REGULATION ON GENE EXPRESSION OF TARGET GENES:...............................................................8
RNA EDITING....................................................................................................................................................... 8
RNA STABILITY......................................................................................................................................................8
TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION...................................................................................................................................8
POST-TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION...........................................................................................................................9
1
, Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Introduction
General Concepts
- Eukaryotes use complex sets of interactions
o Maintenance of homeostasis and response to environmental, physiological
and developmental signals in multicellular eukaryotes:
Genes are turned on or off in the right place and time (Spatial and
temporal regulation)
Differentiation and precise positioning of tissues and organs during
embryonic development
Coordination and communication between multiple cells and organs
o Regulated interactions of large networks of genes
o Each gene has multiple points of regulation, responding to multiple signals.
-
Eukaryotic Vs Prokaryotic
- Eukaryotes have much greater levels of complexity for controlling of gene expression
than prokaryotes:
o Eukaryotic genomes are larger than prokaryotic genomes
o Chromatin structure in eukaryotes makes DNA unavailable to transcription
machinery
o Additional RNA processing events occur in eukaryotes
o In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes
place in the cytoplasm
Gene structure
- Exons: sequences that end up in mature mRNA and reach the cytoplasm
- Introns: segments of gene that are in the primary transcript but are not included in
the mRNA and are removed during splicing.
- Cap site: beginning of first exon
- Poly (A) site: end of last exon
o Sequence that causes synthesis of multiple A nucelotide sequences at the
end of mRNA transcription
- Control regions – can be close to first exon or far away.
- Promoter-proximal elements:
- Downstream =. 3’ direction
- Upstream, = 5’ direction
- Enhancers can be present
- TATA box = ±-30 bp (In mammals) in 5’ direction; directs where RNA polymerase will
assemble.
2
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller mattclothier13. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R120,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
