This document is a summary of the bone injuries, human skeleton - axial and appendicular (not including bone types), joints, joint injuries,skeletal diseases. Including diagrams and illustrations and definitions.
SUPPORTING SYSTEMS AND
MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
BONE INJURIES
TREATMENT:
CAUSES: stress fracture = rest, ice,
anti-inflammatories
bone cannot withstand physical force exerted on it
broken bone = X-ray,
falls, sports or vehicle accidents
broken pieces must be put
physical abuse
back in place, bone must be
disease that weakens the bone = osteoporosis
immobilized by a cast or
pins
DIFFERENT
FRACTURES:
fracture = break/ crack
stress fracture = crack
occurs as result of repeated
pressure
complete = bone in 2 pieces
incomplete/ greenstick =
cracks
simple fracture = bone
breaks cleanly
compound or open fracture
= broken end sticks through
skin
comminuted fracture = bone
fragments
, SUPPORTING SYSTEMS AND
MOVEMENT IN ANIMALS
HUMAN SKELETON
SKELETON MAKEUP :
FUNCTIONS: 206 bones = 2 divisions
1. Axial skeleton:
1. Support= enable body to stay upright and keep shape
- forms long axis of body
2. Protection= internal organs and tissues
- skull, ribcage. vertebral
3. Movement = muscles are attached to bone
column, sternum
4. Blood cells = red marrow forms
2. Appendicular skeleton:
5. Mineral salts = Ca and P form as part of bones
- upper and lower limbs
6. Hearing = ossicles = transmit sound - limb girdles that attach limbs
to axial
1. AXIAL SKELETON
STRUCTURE OF SKULL:
A. CRANIAL BONES :
8 flat bones
flat bones = immovably immovable fibrous joints = sutures
joined @ birth = membrane filled spaces - Fontanelles - between
mandible = can move bones = allow baby's head to compressed during birth, size of
2 sets of bones: birth to grow rapidly during infancy = replaced by bone by 2
A. Cranial bones form the years
cranium functions of the cranium
B. Facial bones form the protects the fragile brain
face protects the sense organs of smell, sight and hearing
provides attachment for muscles of head
@ base there is large space = foramen magnum =
medulla oblongata through to connect with spinal cord
either side of foramen = 2 bumps = occipital condyles =
articulate with first vertebrae ( atlas) - nodding
movement
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