Exam (elaborations)
DVA2601 202 - Combined Tut201 Letters
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- Exams (DVA2601)
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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
DVA2601 202 - Combined Tut201 Letters
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Combined Tut201
Letters
Assignment Memo
(2018-2021)
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DVA2601/202/3/2021
Tutorial Letter 202/3/2021
Projects and Programmes as Instruments
of Development
DVA2601
Semester 1 & 2
Department of Development Studies
IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.
BARCODE
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General approach to essay writing
Each assignment requires that you write an introduction in which you unpack the question by
providing your interpretation and a brief outline of how you are going to approach the question.
Each paragraph ought to explain a point/fact that addresses the question. You should support
your points with reference to literature and where necessary give examples. You should not
have a paragraph that only explains an example as examples alone are not an answer.
Your essay should end with a conclusion where you sum up the points that you discussed in the
essay. You may not discuss any new issues in your conclusion. Make it short and to the point.
Always start by reading the prescribed material to form an understanding of the content and
make notes on the relevant information to answer the essay question. You may use additional
sources in your essay. Please ensure that you provide references for all the sources you use.
Below are the guidelines to questions 2-7.
Question 2
Compare the traditional project cycle, MacArthur’s project sequence and the
participatory project management cycle. Then discuss which one of them is best suited
to ensure that learning takes place and that project planning is improved.
Assessment evidence:
Draw a comparison of the three approaches.
Analyse the approaches and discuss which one allows learning to take place.
Substantiate points with reference to sources.
Provide relevant examples.
How to approach the question
Start by consulting the prescribed material to form an understanding of the content. In your
introduction, unpack how you have chosen to address the question, and if you like, add the
steps that you are going to follow to address the question.
The study unit takes Conyers and Hills’ project planning process as the starting point before
moving on to MacArthur’s “project sequence”. It then turns to the participatory project
management cycle. This cycle is discussed in the article in the Hart et al article using two case
studies.
To do well in this assignment you must show the similarities and differences between the three
project cycles:
2
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DVA2601/202
• the traditional project cycle
• MacArthur’s project sequence
• participatory project management cycle
The goal of all project cycles irrespective of the name they go by, is to achieve one objective
which is realising their goals, objectives and the activities of a project (Hart et al). The
differences lie in the way they go about it. The traditional project cycle has a straight forward
way of doing it with its seven fixed phases (pages 10-11 of Study guide). MacArthur prefers to
call his model a sequence as it does not follow a strict route. MacArthur’s sequence for instance
allows for exit routes when projects fail to move from one stage to the next. The participatory
project management cycle is different from the other two in that it takes into consideration
aspects of human involvement in the project for example gender or the environmental impact of
the project and also encourages stakeholder participation.
A possible study strategy is to briefly discuss the project cycle, MacArthur’s project sequence
then the participatory project management cycle without going into detail about the different
phases. Note that the phases of the models should only be part of your discussion if they show
similarities or differences between the models. The next step will be to show the differences and
the similarities between the three. The study guide has outlined how MacArthur’s sequence is
different to Conyers and Hill’s model. Take note to acknowledge that this has already been
noted and it is not your discovery; this will help you avoid losing marks for plagiarism. In the
second part of your discussion, you are supposed to explain which one of these models is
conducive to learning. To get this part right you should be clear for whom the learning is
intended for.
The primary function of the project cycle is to provide structure and direction to development
activities at the same time as allowing for key objectives and issues to remain in focus. The
traditional project cycle and the sequence model can be applied to any type of development
project. In contrast, the participatory management cycle was designed to cope specifically with
participatory projects. Read the article by Hart et al to familiarise yourself with this model. The
appeal of the cyclic models is to promote learning from experience and reflection. The article by
Lane shows that participation is determined by the type of planning model used. Lane does not
view participation as a given, he expresses that participation is determined by many variables
e.g. the kinds of knowledge used in planning practice.
Note that the traditional cycle and McArthur’s sequence are blueprint models. As such, their
rigid nature does not allow learning to take place. You should however point out that McArthur
allows for entry points and exit points during the cycle which makes the model not as rigid as
other blueprints where new ideas can only be incorporated in a new cycle.
Mark Allocation:
0% – 49%: An essay that receives 0% means that you have copied from the study guide or any
other source, such as an internet source. Any form of copying and pasting does not
demonstrate understanding of the question and, therefore, will receive 0%. If you obtained a
3
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