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Transcription and Translation Notes (General Biology )

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Course
Transcription and Translation Notes

Institution
GCSE

Each strand of DNA contains many genes. Transcription is making a copy of one of these genes that can then be used as the directions for the amino acid order in a protein.

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Uploaded on November 18, 2021
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Written in 2021/2022
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Transcription and Translation Notes
● Transcription: process by which mRNA is made from a gene’ s DNA sequence.

 mRNA stands for messenger RNA.
 occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus so transcription
and translation both take place in the cytoplasm)

● Translation: process by which a protein is made from an mRNA sequence.

● So, transcription happens first, and is followed by translation. I remember this in two ways: first –
the words definitions themselves help me out. To transcribe something means to make a copy of it.
mRNA is a copy of a gene, whereas translating something means to convert it to a new language - in
this case, to translate from the language of nucleic acids that use nucleotides into the language of
proteins, which uses amino acids as its letters. The other way I remember that transcription comes
first is that they both start with trans, but transcription has a “c” next, which comes before “l” in the
alphabet!

TRANSCRIPTION
Each strand of DNA contains many genes. Transcription is making a copy of one of these genes that
can then be used as the directions for the amino acid order in a protein.

RNA Polymerase
● Molecular machine

● binds to the promotor region of a gene - this area becomes available for binding based on
epigenetics.

 There are thousands of proteins (called transcription factors) that either make it easier for
RNA polymerase to bind, or those that inhibit its ability to bind this promoter (often by a
process called methylation). This will ultimately determine when and how often this
particular gene gets transcribed and is a vastly fascinating area of research right now.
 Gene regulation manages which of these genes are expressed in any given cell in your body .

● unwinds DNA

● adds RNA nucleotides to a template strand of DNA

 RNA uses uracil in place of thymine.
 RNA uses a ribose sugar in its backbone instead of the deoxyribose used in DNA.

● pre-mRNA has the potential to code for multiple proteins, depending on how it is edited.

● Once the RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene, the sequence triggers release of the mRNA

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