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Summary history paper 2 :Civil Resistance in SA in the 70s and 80s
These are summary notes on the civil resistance in SA for paper 2
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Topic 4: Civil resistance in SANature of Apartheid in the 60s and 70s
• Government banned ANC and PAC (Pan African Congress) after Sharpville Shootings in 1960
• Government increased state control over the media, gave police power to detain and place critics
under house arrest
o Became more militarised, introduced Conscription
• Government attempted to control urbanisation by introducing Homeland system
o African people became citizens of the homelands and not accepted as SA citizens
• Economy began declining in the 70s
o Lack of skilled labour cause from the Bantu Education System
o Oil crisis in 1973
o Strikes in 1973 by black workers (mainly DBN and East Rand)
▪ Workers able to gain some concessions- better wages, formation of black only trade
unions
What was the nature of the civil society resistance in the 70s and 80s?
• In 1948
o NP won election because of favour in rule
▪ An Afrikaans white party that wanted a policy of apartheid
▪ Grand Apartheid- the building blocks of the Apartheid system.
o Bantu Education act
▪ Black people taught to be workers and labourers, taught obedience
▪ Apartheid aimed to create generations of obedient workers
o Dompas
o Group Areas Act
▪ Black workers needed to be in and near urban areas for work and couldn’t all live in
rural areas
▪ Petty Apartheid
o Prohibition of mixed marriages and immorality act
o Separate amenities
o NP spent lots of money on military and police training- they became almost
undistinguishable
▪ NP needed to enforce Apartheid laws with force to ensure oppression
o Resistance
▪ ANC (Multi-racial organisation) organised civil protests and became popular in the
40s and 50s, they were influenced by Gandhi and the Civil Rights Movement
• Supported by the USSR
▪ PAC (smaller organisation in SA) were more militant, disagreed with the ANC and
were anti-white
• Supported by Communist China
▪ SACP (white Jews) were banned in the 50s because of their communist views and
beliefs
• USA supported NP and were anti-communist and therefore this party scared
them. The West needed our minerals and our shipping course.
• In the 1960s
o Sharpville massacre
, ▪ PAC was evident and wanted to burn dompasses, 69 people were killed by police
which drew the attention of the world
▪ As a result of this the NP banned the ANC and PAC and Mandela formed the MK
(Military wing of the ANC) to fight the violence with violence
o ANC and PAC crushed, economy boomed and the white standard of living improved even
more
o The Silent 60s
▪ No resistance to Apartheid
▪ NP regime continued repression
• Media
• 1967- Conscription forced young white men into the army
• Covert raids into neighboring countries to kill ANC members and supporters
in exile
• Support for NP increased dramatically- white English speaking people
supported them now instead of just Afrikaans. NP offered whites protection
and economic success
• 1963/1964
o Rivonia Trial
▪ ANC leaders found guilty of treason (served with death penalty in SA), OR Tambo
fled SA and the ANC partnered with the USSR and Cuba
Soweto Uprising
• 16 June 1976
o SASM (South African Students Movement) organised the Soweto SRC- goal to fight
Apartheid education
o Students mobilised and marched, police responded with live ammunition
o Uprising was restricted to Soweto- surrounded by military, white areas were unaffected
o Students targeted government funded shabeens, government buildings and schools
(weren’t seen as places of learning because of Apartheid eductaion)
▪ NP used this as propaganda
• Hector Pieterson-
dying boy
• Mbuyisa
Makhubo- boy
carrying Hector
• Antoinette
Sithole- Hectors
sister
• Sam Nzima-
o photographer
▪ An iconic photo, provokes emotional response, transcends barriers of language,
represents an era/ powerful event
• Results/legacy of the Soweto Uprising
o Spread to other townships which was driven by the youth
o Separatism evident- uprising didn’t affect white areas
o Caused an international outcry, widespread sympathy
o Mass arrests, NP banned BCM and detained them
o ANC benefitted from BCM detention
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