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Summary of Independent Africa including Tanzania and The Congo
A fully easy-to-understand summary of Independent Africa
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Independent Africa;Recap; For the first half of the 20th century Africa was not free. It formed part of the empires
of European colonial powers. After WW2 African nationalists fought for freedom from
colonial rule and gained back its independence. African states became independent in the
1960’s.
Different ideas about economic systems
• African states not wealthy at time of independence
o Little developed economic self- sufficiency
• Geared towards exports unprocessed minerals, cash crops cheaply and importing
expensive manufactured goods
• NB- promote economic development INDUSTRIALISATION
• Two forms adapted: socialism and capitalism
• Type of socialism applied in some states – African socialism
• Kenya, Nigeria, SA opted for Capitalism: encouraged foreign investment. Led to
economic growth, but a class –based society (wealth to urban areas, poor peasants
remained poor)
African Socialism
→ Form of ‘Africanisation’
→ Traditional African societies had previously been based on the principles of
socialism e.g. communal land ownership, collective decision making.
→ Used by Julius Nyerere of Tanzania
Capitalism
→ Relied heavily on foreign investments and strong economic ties with the
West.
→ Caused major wealth gap – money went mainly to towns and cities not
peasant farmers which were the majority.
Democratic
, → Attempted by many but not successful – lacked a free press, independent
judiciary, freedom of political association and a basic standard of
accountability.
→ Botswana was the only country to have an unbroken record of democracy by
late 1980s.
Note: Historians believe that reasons for so many independent African countries becoming
dictatorial one-party states was:
• Traditional African societies were based on the authority of chiefs.
• One-party systems were seen as the cheapest and most straightforward way to carry
urgently needed economic and social development policies.
• Colonisers had left no tradition of democratic rule and therefore the newly
independent countries had no way of knowing how to rule otherwise.
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