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Summary Timeline notes of Independent Africa
These notes were written according to the times at which events occurred and are more in order. They cover Tanzania, Congo and Angola for history paper 2
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Final topic 2 notes- Independent AfricaTimeline
Effects of colonialization on Africa: ........................................................................................................ 2
Political changes.................................................................................................................................. 2
Economic changes............................................................................................................................... 2
Social changes ..................................................................................................................................... 2
What is African Nationalism?.................................................................................................................. 3
Process of decolonisation: ...................................................................................................................... 3
Attitudes of colonial powers ............................................................................................................... 3
The number of white settlers ............................................................................................................. 3
Degree of political development ........................................................................................................ 4
Extent of economic development ....................................................................................................... 4
Industrialisation .................................................................................................................................. 4
Degree of education ........................................................................................................................... 4
How different colonial powers granted their colonies independence: .................................................. 4
Britain .................................................................................................................................................. 4
France.................................................................................................................................................. 4
Belgium ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Portugal ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Types of African states established: ....................................................................................................... 4
Democratic .......................................................................................................................................... 4
One party states .................................................................................................................................. 5
Socialist ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Tanzania .................................................................................................................................................. 5
TANU created 5 July 1954 ................................................................................................................... 5
Julius Nyrere became 1st president in 1961 ........................................................................................ 5
o Arusha Declaration of 1967 .................................................................................................... 5
o Established Ujamaa villages in 1969 ....................................................................................... 5
Congo ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Patrice Lamumba became 1st president in 1960 ................................................................................ 6
• Lumumba was arrested and executed 1961 ........................................................................... 6
• OAU formed in 1963 ............................................................................................................... 6
• Mobutu Sese Seko became dictator in 1965 .......................................................................... 6
o Mobutu changed name of Congo to Zaire in 1971 ................................................................. 6
, Angola ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
• Carnation Revolution 1974 ..................................................................................................... 8
Cuito Cuanevale (1987-1988) ................................................................................................................. 9
o Cuban forces left Angola in 1990 ............................................................................................ 9
Effects of colonialization on Africa:
• Colonial powers controlled colonies economically, politically and socially
o Destroyed traditional African institutes- allowed them to exploit Africa
• Colonial powers often had no long term plans for their colonies
o No social, economic, political plans for future
o They simply took resources and didn’t respect the people
Political changes
• African colonies re-organised by colonisers which made it difficult for people to unite and
organise resistance because of the new boundaries between people
• Britain used system of indirect rule
o Government appointed chiefs who were given power and privileges, they acted as
intermediaries between the people and British government
• France, Belgium, Portugal used system of direct rule
o Admin and leadership by European officials
• France and Portugal adopted assimilation
o Colonies developed to be integral parts of their mother countries
Economic changes
• African subsistence economy replaced with commercial economy
o Farmers forced to produce cash crops for export, if they failed they went hungry and
without money
• Fertile land given to white settlers who became economically powerful while African
people were impoverished and subservient
• Tax systems created to force farmers into producing cash crops of doing menial labour
o Social segregation in urban areas frustrated the African elite
• Secondary industry underdeveloped- colonisers exported manufactured goods to Africa
o Links between different regions not developed because internal trade didn’t
benefit colonisers
• African economy linked to European colonisers and they became dependent
• African people didn’t have enough knowledge/ skill to develop industry
Social changes
• Europe saw their societies as superior to African societies
o People were literate and technologically advanced
o Felt a duty towards civilising Africa
▪ Europeans always the masters and Africans always the servants
• Christian mission societies in 1840s exposed Africans to new sets of morals and values
o They translated the bible and opened schools to teach kids
• Colonial powers provided primary education designed to prepare Africans for practical jobs
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