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Summary PYC4802 Summarised Study Notes
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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
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PYC4802NOTES
,Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorder
Etiology – trauma
Prognosis –
Chemical make-up of the brain and the responses
intrusion, avoidance, and arousal young people of different cultures following their exposure to war
Combination
• Fear
• Anxiety
• Stress
Define Acute Stress Disorder ASD
Acute stress disorder involves symptoms that last from three days to one month following exposure
to one or more traumatic events. Symptoms develop after an individual experiences or sees an event
involving a threat or actual death, serious injury, or physical violation to the individual or others.
Symptoms fall into the five general categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance,
and arousal, and begin or worsen after the trauma occurred.
People might exhibit PTSD-like symptoms for a short period immediately after a trauma. In psychiatry,
trauma has assumed a different meaning and refers to an experience that is emotionally painful,
distressful, or shocking, and which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.
It is believed that the more direct the exposure to the traumatic event, the higher the risk for
mental harm.
Identify individuals who are suffering from Acute Stress Disorder
People living a very stressful life resulting in an acute stress reaction, and the symptoms characterize
it as a d/o
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,Diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
Derealization, depersonalization and detachment from the details of the event.
Code 308.3 "
Criterion A. Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation in one (or more)
of the following ways:
Directly experiencing the traumatic event(s).
Witnessing, in person, the events(s) as it occurred to others.
Learning that the traumatic events(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend. Note: In cases
of actual or threatened by death of a family member or friend, the events(s) must have been violent
or accidental.
Experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event(s) (e.g., first
responders collecting human remains; police officers repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse).
Note: This does not apply to exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures unless
this exposure is work related.
Criterion B. Presence of nine (or more) of the following symptoms from any of the five categories of
intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance, and arousal, beginning or worsening after the
traumatic event(s) occurred:
Intrusion symptoms - Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive distressing memories of the traumatic
event(s). Note: In children, repetitive play may occur in which themes or aspects of the traumatic
event(s) are expressed. Recurrent distressing dreams in which the content and/or affect of the dream
are related to the events(s). Note: In children older than 6, there may be frightening dreams without
recognizable content.
Dissociative reactions (e.g., flashbacks) in which the individual feels or acts as if the traumatic event(s)
were recurring. (Such reactions may occur on a continuum, with the most extreme expression being
a complete loss of awareness of present surroundings). Note: In children, trauma-specific
reenactment may occur in play.
Intense or prolonged psychological distress or marked physiological reactions in response to internal
or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic events.
Negative Mood - Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., inability to experience
happiness, satisfaction, or loving feelings).
Dissociative Symptoms - An altered sense of the reality of one's surroundings or oneself (e.g., seeing
oneself from another's perspective, being in a daze, time slowing.) Inability to remember an important
aspect of the traumatic events(s) (typically due to dissociative amnesia and not to other factors such
as head injury, alcohol, or drugs).
Avoidance symptoms - Efforts to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings about or closely
associated with the traumatic event(s). Efforts to avoid external reminders (people, places,
conversations, activities, objects, situations) that arouse distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings
about or closely associated with the traumatic event(s).
Arousal symptoms - Sleep disturbance (e.g., difficulty falling or staying asleep, restless sleep) Irritable
behavior and angry outbursts (with little or no provocation) typically expressed as verbal or physical
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, aggression toward people or objects. Hypervigilance Problems with concentration Exaggerated startle
response
Criterion C: The duration of the disturbance (symptoms in Criterion B) is 3 days to 1 month after
trauma exposure. Note: Symptoms typically begin immediately after the trauma, but persistence for
at least 3 days and up to a month is needed to meet disorder criteria.
Criterion D. The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational,
or other important areas of functioning.
Criterion E: The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g.,
medication or alcohol) or other medical condition (e.g., mild traumatic brain injury) and is not better
explained by brief psychotic disorder
How to identify individuals who are suffering from ASD
Symptoms fall into the five general categories of intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance,
and arousal, and begin or worsen after the trauma occurred.
People might exhibit PTSD-like symptoms for a short period immediately after a trauma.
Trauma has assumed a different meaning and refers to an experience that is emotionally painful,
distressful, or shocking, and which often results in lasting mental and physical effects.
• Intrusion symptoms (involuntary and intrusive distressing memories of the trauma
or recurrent distressing dreams)
• Negative mood (persistent inability to experience positive emotions such as happiness or love)
• Dissociative symptoms (time slowing, seeing oneself from an outsider's perspective, being in
a daze)
• Avoidance symptoms (avoidance of memories, thoughts, feelings, people, or places
associated with the trauma)
• Arousal symptoms (difficulty falling or staying asleep, irritable behavior, problems with
concentration)
Only 1 of the DSM-V criteria need to be met
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