These notes offer a comprehensive guide to the theory needed to write final exams in matric. They contain all the information on Organic Chemistry in the IEB chemistry syllabus. They are typed in a column format for easy learning. They have an array of diagrams to aid learners in their physical sci...
Organic Chemistry
Chapter 10
Why Is Carbon So Unique? Bonding of Carbon with Other
The electron distribution of Carbon Elements
C- in ground state has 6 electrons & C- W/e C bonds w/ highly EN elements
can make 2-covalent bonds. (O, N, halogens ,𝐹2 , 𝐵𝑟2 , 𝐼2 = weak polar
covalent bonds form.
W/e these elements = bonded 2 C it
creates reactive centre’s on molecules
w/h reactions will take place.
New molecules = hydro carbon
derivatives.
C- in excited state. Properties of Organic
Compound
All compounds always form C or CO2
when it breaks down.
Organic compounds are classified into
groups called Homologous series (a
family of compounds that have same
general formula & same functional
Orbital hybridisation = energy of s group)
and p-orbitals mix 2 form FOUR new Large # of compounds exists due 2
sp3 – hybridized orbitals. presence of structural isomers
C-bonds With Itself (compounds that have same molecular
formula but diff structures)
▪ Single ▪ Double
Reactions are non stochiometric due 2
formation of diff compounds during
reaction.
Reactions = slow due 2 breaking of
▪ Triple
strong covalent bonds.
This leads to Catenation = linkage of Representing Organic
same element 2 itself 2 form longer Compounds
chain like compounds. ▪ Molecular formula = shows # of
Interaction Between Carbon & atoms bonded in compound. E.g.
C4H8
Hydrogen ▪ Structural formula = shows all
C & H hv similar electronegativities = bonds found btw diff atoms e.g.
leads 2 formation of STRONG single
C-H bonds.
These bonds are non polar covalent
Resp 4 huge # of compounds known as
HYDROCARBONS = consist only of
carbon & hydrogen.
, ▪ Semi condensed formula = shows all bonds except C-H bonds e.g.
▪ Condensed formula = shows no bonds btw C & H atoms. Side chains are
indicated in brackets. e.g.
CH3CHCHCH3
▪ Skeletal formula = show carbon skeleton. No C/H atoms indicated but all oth
atoms as well as functional groups are indicated. Eg.
Classifying Organic Molecules
Classified based on functional group in molecule.
Functional group = group of atoms found in molecule that identifies molecule &
determines chemical reactivity of molecule.
The most basic organic group is the ALKANES = carbon atoms only bonded w/
single bonds 2 oth carbons &/ hydrogen atoms.
ADDITIONAL
Ether
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