AP BIOLOGY READING GUIDE ASSIGNMENT
AP Biology Name:
Chapter 20 Guided Reading Assignment
1. Define the following
a. Recombinant DNA
A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.
b. Genetic engineering
It is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
c. Bi...
ap biology name chapter 20 guided reading assignment 1 define the following a recombinant dna a dna molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
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AP Biology Name:
Chapter 20 Guided Reading Assignment
1. Define the following
a. Recombinant DNA
A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources.
b. Genetic engineering
It is the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
c. Biotechnology
The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products.
d. Gene cloning
The production of multiple copies of a gene.
2. What are the two broad areas of use and two examples after a host cell grown in culture to form a clone of cells containing
the “cloned gene of interest.”
DNA cloning is useful for making many copies of a particular gene and to produce a protein product. A resistance gene
present in one crop species might be cloned and transferred into plants of another species. A protein with medical usages,
such as a growth hormone, can be harvested into large quantities from cultures of bacteria carrying the cloned gene for the
protein.
3. What is the other name for restriction enzymes and what do these enzymes do for bacteria in “Nature”?
The other name for restriction enzymes is restriction nucleases. Restriction enzymes protect the bacterial cell by cutting up
foreign DNA from other organisms or phages.
4. Define the following terms
a. Restriction site
A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme.
b. Restriction fragments
A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA b a restriction enzyme.
c. Sticky end
A sticky end is a single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment.
5. Explain in your own words two ways that we know the cell clones carry the recombinant plasmids?
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, The plasmids have a "reporter gene" inside it, generally resistance to specific antibiotic. the plasmid is transformed into
bacteria that don't have resistance to that specific antibiotic drug, and then the cultured on a Petri-dish that contain the
antibiotic drug. Only bacteria that had receive the plasmid will have resistance and grow, all the other will die.
6. What is the purpose of nucleic acid hybridization? Why is the word hybrid used?
Nucleic acid hybridization is used to detect the DNA of a specific gene, by being able to base-pair it with a complementary
sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. This is only doe using nucleic acid hybridization. Each probe molecule will
hydrogen bond specifically to a complementary sequence in the desired gene.
7. What is a complementary, short, single stranded nucleic acid that can be either DNA or RNA called?
It is called a nuclear probe.
8. Why do scientists use a radioactive isotope tag for the probes?
It is easier to track a probe when is tagged with a radioactive isotope.
9. How is DNA denaturation different than protein denaturation?
10. Define genomic library.
A set of clones containing all the DNA segments from a genome, each with a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector.
11. How are bacteriophages used for making genomic libraries and what are some of the advantages of this?
Fragments of foreign DNA can be spiced into trimmed –down versions of a phage genome, as into a plasmid, by using a
restriction enzyme and DNA ligase. The standard plasmid can carry a DA insert no longer than 12,000 base pars, a phage
can carry an insert of about 25,000 pairs. The normal infection process also allows production of many of many new phage
particles, each carrying the foreign DNA.
12. What are the steps in making complementary DNA – cDNA?
First reverse transcriptase has to be added to a test tube containing mRNA isolated from the cell. Then the reverse
transcriptase makes the first DNA strand using the RNA as a template and a stretch of dT”s as a DNA primer. Third the
mRNA is degraded by another enzyme. This is followed by DNA polymerase synthesizing the second strand, using a primer
in the reaction mixture. Finally, the result is cDNA which carries the complete coding sequence of the gen but not of introns.
13. Compare and contrast the advantages of cDNA libraries and genomic libraries.
If there is a gene that has to be studied and you do not know what cell type expresses it a genomic library is the one that
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