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Geomorphology Exam Study Guide 2022

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Geomorphology Exam Study Guide 2022

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  • February 6, 2022
  • 142
  • 2021/2022
  • Exam (elaborations)
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UNISA2022
Geomorphology for General Studies UPSC Civil Services Exam
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Geomorphology Study Guide


1. Volcanism...............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Causes of Volcanism..................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Lava types..................................................................................................................................................4
Andesitic or Acidic or Composite or Stratovolcanic lava...................................................................................4
Basic or Basaltic or Shield lava..........................................................................................................................5
1.3 Volcanic Landforms...................................................................................................................................5
Extrusive Volcanic Landforms...........................................................................................................................6
Intrusive Volcanic Landforms..........................................................................................................................11
1.4 Volcanism Types......................................................................................................................................13
Exhalative (vapour or fumes)..........................................................................................................................13
Effusive (Lava outpouring)..............................................................................................................................14
Explosive (Violent ejection of solid material)..................................................................................................14
Subaqueous Volcanism...................................................................................................................................15

1

,1.5 Eruptive Volcanism Types.......................................................................................................................16
Hawaiian Eruption...........................................................................................................................................18
Icelandic Eruptions..........................................................................................................................................18
Strombolian Eruption......................................................................................................................................18
Vulcanian Eruption..........................................................................................................................................19
Plinian Eruption...............................................................................................................................................20
Pelean Eruption...............................................................................................................................................23
1.6 Hotspot Volcanism..................................................................................................................................24
Mantle Plumes................................................................................................................................................24
1.7 Geysers and Hot Springs.........................................................................................................................34
1.8 Extinct, Dormant and Active volcanoes..................................................................................................37
1.9 Distribution of Earthquakes and Volcanoes across the World...............................................................37
Pacific Ring of Fire...........................................................................................................................................38
Other regions..................................................................................................................................................39
Mediterranean volcanism...............................................................................................................................39
Volcanos in India.............................................................................................................................................40
1.10Destructive Effects of Volcanoes.............................................................................................................40
1.11Positive Effects of Volcanoes..................................................................................................................41
1.12Rocks.......................................................................................................................................................41
Igneous Rocks or Primary rocks......................................................................................................................42
Sedimentary Rocks or detrital rocks...............................................................................................................44




2

, Metamorphic Rocks........................................................................................................................................46

2. Earthquakes..........................................................................................................................................49
2.2 Causes of Earthquakes............................................................................................................................50
2.3 Earthquakes based on the depth of focus..............................................................................................52
Shallow-focus earthquake...............................................................................................................................53
Deep-focus earthquake...................................................................................................................................53
2.4 Distribution of Earthquakes....................................................................................................................54
2.5 Richter magnitude scale..........................................................................................................................55
2.6 Effects of Earthquakes............................................................................................................................60

3. Tsunami................................................................................................................................................61
3.1 Mechanism of tsunami waves................................................................................................................61
3.2 Properties of Tsunami Waves.................................................................................................................63
3.3 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami....................................................................................................................66
Plate tectonics.................................................................................................................................................66
Tsunami waves................................................................................................................................................66
Shifts in Geography.........................................................................................................................................67
3.4 Warning Systems.....................................................................................................................................68

4. Soil erosion and Landforms...................................................................................................................69
4.1 Water Erosion.........................................................................................................................................69
Raindrop erosion or splash erosion.................................................................................................................69
Sheet erosion..................................................................................................................................................69
Rill and gully erosion.......................................................................................................................................70
Streambank erosion........................................................................................................................................71
Landslide.........................................................................................................................................................71
Coastal erosion................................................................................................................................................72
Glacial erosion.................................................................................................................................................72
4.2 Wind Erosion...........................................................................................................................................72
4.3 Fluvial Landforms and Cycle of Erosion..................................................................................................72
Fluvial Erosional Landforms............................................................................................................................72
Drainage systems (drainage patterns).............................................................................................................82
Fluvial Depositional Landforms.......................................................................................................................89
4.4 Karst Landforms and Cycle of Erosion....................................................................................................94
Sinkhole/Swallow Hole....................................................................................................................................95
Polje/Blind Valley............................................................................................................................................96
Cavern.............................................................................................................................................................96
Arch/Natural Bridge........................................................................................................................................97
Sinking Creeks/Bogas......................................................................................................................................97
Stalactite and Stalagmite................................................................................................................................98
Dry Valley/Hanging Valley/Bourne..................................................................................................................98
The Karst Cycle of Erosion...............................................................................................................................98
4.5 Marine Landforms and Cycle of Erosion.................................................................................................99
Marine Erosional Landforms...........................................................................................................................99
Marine Depositional Landforms....................................................................................................................102
Coastlines......................................................................................................................................................103
4.6 Glacial Landforms and Cycle of Erosion................................................................................................107
3

, Glacial Erosional Landforms..........................................................................................................................108
Glacial Depositional Landforms.....................................................................................................................109
Glacial Cycle of Erosion.................................................................................................................................111
4.7 Arid Landforms and Cycle of Erosion....................................................................................................111
Erosional Arid Landforms..............................................................................................................................111
Arid Depositional Landforms.........................................................................................................................115

5. Lakes...................................................................................................................................................118
5.1 Classification of Lakes...........................................................................................................................119
5.2 Lakes and Man......................................................................................................................................123
5.3 Important Lakes on Earth......................................................................................................................124

6. Plateau................................................................................................................................................128
6.1 Economic significance of plateaus........................................................................................................129
6.2 Plateau Formation.................................................................................................................................130
Thermal expansion........................................................................................................................................130
Crustal shortening.........................................................................................................................................130
Volcanic flood basalts...................................................................................................................................130
Others...........................................................................................................................................................131
6.3 Plateau Types........................................................................................................................................131
Dissected plateau..........................................................................................................................................131
Volcanic plateau............................................................................................................................................132
Others...........................................................................................................................................................132
6.4 Major plateaus of the World.................................................................................................................132
Others...........................................................................................................................................................135


1.Volcanism

 A volcano is a vent or a fissure in the crust from which lava (molten rock), ash, gases, rock
fragments erupt from a magma chamber below the surface.
 Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock, pyroclastics and volcanic gases
to the surface through a vent.


1.1 Causes of Volcanism
 There is a huge temperature difference between the inner layers and the outer layers of
the earth due to the differential amount of radioactivity.
 This temperature difference gives rise to convectional currents in the mantle.
 The convection currents in the mantle create convergent and divergent boundaries (weak zones).
 At the divergent boundary, molten, semi-molten and sometimes gaseous material appears
on earth at the first available opportunity.
 The earthquakes here may expose fault zones through which magma may escape (fissure type
volcano).


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