Exam (elaborations)
Exam for PYC4812
- Institution
- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
Sport psychology exam
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SECTION AQUESTION A1
(a) According to the Mechanistic Theory, goal setting influence performance in four ways.
• Goals direct the athlete's attention and action to curial aspects of the task. Allowing
the athlete to focus on specific skills.
• Goals help the athlete to mobilize effort.
• Increase immediate effort and help increase effort. Allows the athlete to be persistent;
especially when they start to feel bored.
• Developing and employing new learning strategies through the process of goal
setting.
Numerous factors mediate the goal-setting and performance relationship. The following
factors include; self-efficiency, the complexity of the task, feedback, and importance.
Cognitive theory's main focus is on how goals influence performance in athletic
environments.
• The theory explains; that goal setting is linked to the athlete's levels of anxiety,
confidence, and motivation.
• Athletes focus solely on the outcome goals, this result in unrealistic future
expectations which increases their anxiety, decreases confidence, and their
performance levels.
• Performance goals on the other hand are flexible and in the control of the athlete.
Allows for more realistic expectations to be formed. Performance goals increase
confidence and motivation whilst decreasing the negative effect of anxiety.
• Goal motivational orientation combines with the recognized capability to produce one
of the three-goal styles;
1. Performance-oriented where athlete's success is based on learning and self-
improving their ability. (To produce one best performance ability)
2. Success-orientation involves athletes defining their success on social comparison
and winning. Thus having a high perceived ability (moderate increase in athletic
performance)
3. Failure orientation includes athletes defining their success on social comparison
and winning. Whilst having a low perceived ability (Slight increase in athletic
performance)
Therefore the cognitive theory is based on the notion that an athlete can influence their
actions, with their thoughts and cognition playing a vital role in determining their
performance. The mechanistic theory is centred on an athlete who sets specific goals will
perform better than those who set general goals. Cognitive theory is more long-term whereas
Mechanistic theory is more short-term.
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, (b) The following steps are involved in teach for transfer to help individuals apply their goal-
setting skills;
1. Identification of positive life goals
2. The importance of focusing on the process and not the outcome of the goal
3. Using the general problem-solving model
4. Identifying the health comprising behaviours that can hinder goal achievement
5. Recognizing health-promoting habits that can help achieve goals
6. Understanding the value of creating and seeking social support
7. Understanding how to use these skills in different situations.
QUESTION A2
(a) Emotionally intelligent leadership was established on the concept of intrapersonal (Ability
to understand one's emotions) and interpersonal intelligence (Ability to understand others).
There are five components to emotionally intelligent leadership;
• Self-awareness
• Self-regulation
• Motivation
• Empathy
• Social Skills
These five components are crucial to leadership in sports as leaders are required to be self-
aware and self-regulation. Leaders who make tremendous impact exercise empathy and social
skills to maintain healthy relationships with team members. Leaders need to be self-aware to
understand their own emotions along with understanding their team’s emotions. This could
be in terms of how the team works together when training and competing with each other.
Self-regulation allows for the leader and team to work together to find ways to improve on
areas they are poorer in. for example after losing a game and see where improvements can be
made. Motivation to improve team moral after, during and before a completion to improve
player’s performance. Motivation in terms of pep talking and goal setting. Empathy to help
encourage a player who is burnout or not performing to the best of their ability. Empathy in
the form of encouragement. Social Skills being able to communicate freely with everyone
and understand different cultural and religious backgrounds to improve relationships.
(b) The seven secrets of successful coaches by Jeff Jansesn and Greg Dale;
1. Character-based
2. competent
3. committed
4. Caring
5. Confidence-Builders
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