These notes are provide detailed information on the animal reproduction chapter in the Mind Action Series Life Science Grade 12 textbook. These notes are colourful, have diagrams for further explaination and are very easily understood.
Module 2.3
= production of a How maximise reproduction
new generation of organisms from o Mechanisms ensure males & females
an existing generation find suitable mates
o Sexual behaviour = timed therefore
Goal of species: ready for mating @ same time
reproductive effect = prod max # o Energy expenditure = by male &
of surviving offspring while using least female conserves energy for
amount of energy breeding
o Unique strategy develop ∴ species
breed successfully & survive to
reproductive age
External VS Internal Fertilisation
➢ Asexual = energy efficient (single = joining of the
animal) nucleus of an egg & sperm
➢ Sexual = higher energy input o Sperm are motile - swim
Eggs x generally move
Diff reprod strategies: o
1. Courtship
2. External vs Internal Fertilisation External
3. Ovipary, Ovovivipary & Vivipary = aquatic vertebrates
4. Precocial & Altricial Development
X idea bcz
5. Parental Care
➢ Wasteful - large # eggs = prod &
Courtship most = eaten
➢ Fertilisation = x certain
= behaviour and/or
signals designed to attract another { external maximize fertilisation }
animal for mating & breeding In water:
different forms o Huge # eggs & sperm ∴ released into H2O
1. Simple strategies o Incr probability of fertilisation
2. Complex strategies o Courtship rituals
o Swim side by side ∴ gametes = close to e/o
Simple strategies Energy expenditure goes into reproducing
➢ Use chemical (pheromones), visual large # eggs
(brightly coloured body parts),
auditory stimuli = used for mates to Internal
find e/o
= in terrestrial vertebrates
➢ Species-specific pheromones
➢ Sing o Male gametes released directly into body
➢ Special plumage of female (during mating / copulation) &
fertilise eggs inside body
Complex strategies o Birds & reptiles mate using cloaca (single
➢ Unique to each species opening located in lower abdomen)
o Males & females line up cloacae during
Females favour males that = mating for sperm transfer
1.
Larger
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