ASSIGNMENT 17 4803 :
difference(s) and/or similarity(ies)
between males’ and females’ perceptions
relating to traditional gender roles
………………………………………………………………………………………………
PLAGIARISM DECLARATION
1. I know that plagiarism is wrong. Plagiarism is using another's work and pretending that it is one's own
work.
2. I have used the American Psychological Association as the convention for citation and referencing
each significant contribution to and quotation in this assignment from the work or works of other
people has been attributed and has been cited and referenced.
3. This assignment is my own work
4. I have not allowed and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his
or her own work
5. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment or parts of it is wrong and declare that this
assignment is my own work.
Signature : VC MATHYE
Date : 04 October 2021
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CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….……3
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….3-5
LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 5-13
Problem statement…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13
Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….14
Research Question and Sub-questions…………………………………………………………………………….14
Research design………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16
Research methodology………………………………………………………….………………………………………..17
Population………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17
Sample…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….17
Sampling Technique……………………………………………………………………………….………………………..17
Research Instruments……………………………………………………………………………………………………..18-20
Procedure of data collection……………………………………………………….……………………………………21
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….21-23
Reliability and Validity…………………………………………………………………………………………………….24
Ethical Considerations……………………………………………………………………………………………………24-25
Consent form/letter…………………………………………………………………………...............................25-26
Questionnaire Results………………………………………….…………………………………………………………26-30
Results measurements…………………………………………………………………………………………………..30-33
Results detailed analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………..33-35
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35-36
REFERENCE LIST ………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………36-37
APPENDIX 1
(Questionnaire)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………37-41
APPENDIX 2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
(Marked proposal)
APPENDIX 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42
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Introduction
The purpose of this study was to highlight the differences in attitudes towards African
Gender Roles between males and females. I will begin by describing how gender
was portrayed and to determine how gender roles are depicted and defined.
Abstract
This study was based on the symbolic interaction theory of gender that suggests
that social roles are learned over time and are subject to constant reinforcement.
The significance of this study was derived from the broad topic of gender, because
gender issues are relevant to a variety of fields and exploring the effects of gender in
one field contributes to the understanding of gender in another field. For a clear
understanding of our given topic I will be looking back into how gender roles were
formed and what influenced these roles before I can begin my research on the
attitudes of both males and females towards gender roles.
Gender roles in society means how we're expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and
conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women are
generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating,
and nurturing. When it comes to spheres of influence in an individual’s life, the
nuclear family exerts the most influence. This, according to Cipriani, Guiliano &
Jeanne (2013), is evident in the fact that social scientists generally view the family as
the primary determinant of an individual’s personality, beliefs, and values. The family
plays an active role in an individual’s life by consciously socialising the individual to
cultural traits; something which (in the African family context) is mostly done by
female guardians (Cipriani et al, 2013).
In society, men and women are allocated different roles (Mudiare, 2013). According
to Steele & Barling (1996, p. 639), gender roles can be defined as “prescriptive
beliefs about appropriate gender behaviour and can be viewed along a continuum
ranging from traditional to feminist”. These beliefs about appropriate gender
behaviour have a pervasive influence in multiple spheres of an individual’s life and it
is what shapes these attitudes about gender roles. This ranges from beliefs about
one’s academic abilities (Steele & Barling, 1996), acceptance of adultery and
spousal violence (Mudiare, 2013), to even many working women being required to
do a “second shift” when they get home after work (Scott & Clery, 2013). All of the
above are influenced by perceptions of gender roles.
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Gender roles are the product of the interactions between individuals and their
environments, and they give individuals cues about what sort of behavior is believed
to be appropriate for what sex. Appropriate gender roles are defined according to a
society's beliefs about differences between the sexes. And this is where they came
about, the expectations of what an individual of a certain gender should carry
themselves.
Before I can get to the literature review. Let’s start by defining what gender roles are.
What are traditional gender roles?
What is the ideal man like is he told strong stoic/ what about the ideal woman, is she
petite and soft spoken, is she natural? this is exactly what traditional gender roles
are the rules and principles on how to do the things are required to be the ideal man
or woman.
Now we believe that gender roles were never really required and it was solely
created is a patriarchal tool to oppress in control the way a person thinks act in fields
while the state of modern society might take you like this idea, it couldn't be further
from the truth an important thing to remember that traditional gender roles were not
brought into existence if you 100 years ago gender roles are as old as civilization
itself .Gender roles were vital to human survival back then, as far back as the Stone
Age, yes that Stone Age where they latest technology consisted of things like sharp
stones and bowls.
Getting a meal for your family was not a 30 minute trip to the nearby store it was a
three day hike in the forest and you could still come back empty handed life back
then was not easy as it is today and so gender roles were born men and women
both are recognized, there strengths and weaknesses to help each other survive
each gender role was just as important as the next.
At that point gender roles were not meant to create gender equality but were meant
to uphold gender norms examples traditional gender roles were important for staying
alive we recognized that differences between men and women did exist both
biological and psychological. We use those differences so that the strength of both
genders would make up for the other's weaknesses however somewhere along the
way gender roles went from being a tool of cooperation for mutual benefit to a tool
used to control and belittle.
Gender roles impact how people interact with one another at their places of work
their homes etc. types of gender roles include male gender roles and female gender
roles that are followed when it comes to child rearing and house chores there isn't a
single aspect of life where people can completely escape from gender roles or
stereotypes men and women are both affected differently and some traditional
gender roles are more harmful than others traditional gender roles do cause
problems in modern society it infringes upon a person's individuality it oppresses
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