Note that this document serves as KRM 220 SECTION A`s semester test notes for 2021/2022. It includes chapter 1(Political Offences), Chapter 2(Corruption) and Chapter 3(Terrorism)
• Politics
› It Derives from the Greek word politikos, meaning citizen.
› It is citizens in a society, subject to good, fair, and responsible government (Social).
› It controls of society and its citizens by ascribed authority (Government).
▪ e.g., Dictators = rule of use and abuse of power
• Exposition of the ideological points of view pertaining to the nature of political offences.
› It has Contradictory points of view about whether or not a phenomenon is a crime.
› E.g., Terrorism (Two perspectives to view terrorism)
1. From the perspective of victims (seen as crime)
▪ Because people are murdered and injured purposefully, public, or
private property is damaged or destroyed on purpose.
2. From the perspective of the offender (want freedom)
▪ “Freedom fighters” who have an ideological objective/beliefs
Reasons why ‘political offences’ is a complex concept to define
1) Diverse forms of emergence
› It has a diverse definition which includes
o Terrorism
o Assassinations, Hijacking
o Hostage taking, Torture, Uprisings
o High treason, Sabotage, The Enforcement of Admissions
o Detention without trial
o Kleptocracy (self-enrichment through bribery, theft, and fraud)
2) Focus of definitions
› Crimes against the state
o Sabotage, Political revolt, Coup and High Treason, Terrorism.
› Crimes by the state
o Kleptocracy, The banning of freedom of the press, Detention without trial
and assassinations of political opponents.
› Crimes against and by the state
3) Explicit ideologically founded definitions
› Any act that exploits/misuses people can be defined as crime.
› It sides with capitalist at the disadvantage/cost of poor people.
› The act can either be Intended or allowed blatantly.
o Intended
▪ Legislation against race, gender, religion, and sexual orientation
▪ Apartheid legislation against mixed marriages, work reservations
▪ Hitler’s anti- Semitism and genocide of the Jews in Nazi Germany
o Allowed blatantly
▪ Ignoring violence on the police
▪ Failure to enforce legislation against the environment
▪ Ignoring the safety of workers in industries and mines.
, ▪ Dumping of harmful waste in 3rd world countries by 1st world
countries or at refuse dumps and in remote areas.
4) The power to define
› Political ruler of the time has the power to define conduct as crime by legislation.
› Governments then have the authority to enforce their points of view on society.
▪ National Party ruled on Homosexuality during 1990-1994.
POLITICAL CRIME CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The typology of Internal interference (By government)
Roebeck and • Campaign against Mandela/Steve Biko during the apartheid era
Weber External interference (by the government)
• When one country interferes militarily with the political conflicts in another
country.
Intervention against a government
• Various liberation movements such as African National Congress (ANC).
Spying on civilians
• Bugging equipment in the offices of political opponents.
Evasion and conspiracy by the government
• Cover up of the circumstances in which Biko died.
Evasion and collusion or conspiracy against the government
• Evasions of military services.
Local confrontation.
• Repression of political gatherings by the opposition.
Ingraham’s Acts of treason
classification • that threatens the safety of the country in the face of an external enemy.
Defiance of the political authority and legitimacy of the government
• Actions that threaten the safety of political leaders and governments.
Obstruction of official function
• Acts that prevent officials from carrying out their tasks for the benefit of society.
• E.g., A secret anti-government defence force to act against government.
• E.g., Tax invasion – SARS rogue unit.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller William1205. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R133,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
