Summary
Chemistry definitions summary - Gr 11 & 12
- Course
- Physical Sciences
- Institution
- 12th Grade
All the definitions for chemistry in the IEB syllabus on 1 page!
[Show more]
Content preview
Chemistry Definitions - Grade 11 and 12Grade 11
Intramolecular force - the bond found between the atoms in a molecule (covalent/ionic/metallic)
Covalent bond - the sharing of at least 1 pair of electrons by two non-metal atoms
Ionic bond - the transfer of electrons and subsequent electrostatic attraction
Metallic bond - an electrostatic force of attraction between a positive kernel and a sea of
delocalised electrons
Intermolecular force - the weak forces of attraction that exist between molecules (van der Waal)
London’s forces - found between all molecules due to a temporary shift in the electron cloud
causing a temporary dipole
Dipole-dipole - found between polar molecules due to a difference in electronegativity
Hydrogen bonding - where H is bonded to small, high electronegative atoms which contain at
least 1 lone pair (H -> N, O, F)
Electronegativity - a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons
Bond energy - the energy required to break a bond between 2 atoms
Polar covalent - a bond formed where there is an unequal sharing of electrons
(different electronegativities)
Exothermic reaction - transforms chemical potential energy into thermal energy (energy release)
Endothermic reaction - transforms thermal energy into chemical potential energy (absorb energy)
Activated complex - a temporary high energy, unstable transition state between the reactants and
the products
Neutralisation - occurs at the point where the acid and base have reacted so that neither is in
excess
Lowrey-bronsted - acid donates a H+ base accepts a H+
Grade 12
Reversible reaction - a reaction where the products can be converted back to reactants
Open system - a system in which matter and energy can be exchanged between the system and
its surroundings
Closed system - a system in which mass is converted inside the system, but energy can enter or
leave the system freely
Reaction rate - the change in concentration per unit time of either a product or a reactant
Le Chatelier's Principle - when an external stress is applied to a system in dynamic equilibrium,
the equilibrium point will change in such a way as to counteract the stress
Equilibrium constant = [products]/[reactants] aA + bB -> cC + dD ( [C]c + [D]d )/( [A]a + [B]b)
Use RICE table for calculations (Ratio, initial, change, end moles)
Oxidation - the loss of electrons (reducing agent) (occurs at the anode)
Reduction - the gain of electrons (oxidising agent) (occurs at the cathode)
Galvanic cells - an electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy to electrical energy as a result of
a self-sustaining spontaneous reaction.
Electrolyte - A substance that can conduct electric current by forming free ions when dissolved or
melted
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying this summary from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller ethanganz. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy this summary for R50,00. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
77254 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 14 years now