A fully comprehensive summary to ace Grade 10 IEB IT theory! Everything you need is included and every chapter fully is summarised in an easy to study manner. It helped me to achieve 90% for IT theory in Grade 10 and hopefully it helps you. It includes everything on the IT SAGs document and more!
,Table of Contents
HARDWARE ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
HARDWARE CONTINUED .................................................................................................................................. 6
SYSTEM SOFTWARE ........................................................................................................................................ 10
NETWORKS ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
INTERNET + WWW ......................................................................................................................................... 20
SOCIAL + ETHICAL ISSUES ............................................................................................................................... 24
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
1
,HARDWARE
OVERVIEW OF A COMPUTER:
HARDWARE = collection of physical components attached to/forming part of computer
system (see + touch).
SOFTWARE = collection of non-physical parts of system (operating system, application
programs, data).
Interact together (can’t exist on own) to input data, process data, store data +
output/communication information.
GENERAL PROCESSING CYCLE:
• Computer = device performs tasks at high speed.
• CPU (central processing unit) = component/processors that performs these tasks =
loaded to RAM (can’t be executed in secondary storage).
• Processor fed instructions 1 at time = systematically processed/stored in RAM (random
access memory – must be stored to be processed).
• RAM receives data from input devices (keyboard) or secondary storage (hard drive).
• Not stored permanently = copied to secondary storage/sent to output device
(screen/printer).
INFORMATION + COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT):
Advent of communicating (networking) computers ‘talk’ to each other + exchange data.
ADVANTAGES + DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS:
AREA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
PROFESSIONAL • Fast access to data. • Electrical failures = loss productivity.
• Time critical transactions • Unauthorized access to data is
= high speed. possible.
PERSONAL • Online shopping/banking. • Injury related poor working
• Mail services. condition.
• Scams + online fraud.
ENVIRONMENTAL • Less use of paper. • Toxic waste generated by dumping
• Less travelling = less old equipment.
pollution (work from • Greater energy = more electrical
home). requirements.
UPGRADING • Well-informed of rapid • Software versions constantly change
changing technology = = updated.
updated. • Hardware outdated quickly.
• Internet = efficient at • Software develops = hardware
updating software. obsolete.
1
,DATA: raw unorganized facts need to be processed = useful + meaningful.
INFORMATION: = processed data (organized, structured, presented in given context).
PROCESSING POWER: combination of speed, number of cores (processors) + number
instructions processed.
OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS):
• Installed + running on every computer = varies depending on device type.
• Collection of many programs that manage hardware + allow user to run software
applications (word processors/internet browsers).
• Kernel = smallest part stored in memory = loaded when computer switched on.
DESKTOP OS • Support hardware functions (IPO).
• Interface between application programs + computer hardware.
• Use: Mac OS, Windows, or versions of Linux (e.g. Ubuntu).
MOBILE OS • Run on mobile devices (handheld device – smartphone, tablet).
• Designed to use limited resources for mobile device efficiency.
• Use: Android or iOS OS.
EMBEDDED OS • Part of another machine – exists for robots, cars, ATMs.
• Specialized OS used in computers built into larger systems (more
compact than desktop OS).
• Real-time operations = data processed immediately without delays.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Carries out tasks for computer users (create documents/play games/update database).
Possible to run computer without it.
STAND • Runs without need to interact with any other software (uses
ALONE/DESKTOP hardware/operating system to perform functions).
APPLICATIONS • E.g. Microsoft Word OS = loaded a copy placed in RAM =
processed by CPU + document permanently stored in
secondary storage.
NETWORK • Run on multiple computers connected via network (internet).
APPLICATIONS • Client server network = server provides service client computer.
• Server = remote computer = local network/linked via internet.
• Storage of data = remote server not on the local computer.
DATA TRANSFER + SYNCHRONISING DEVICES:
• Synchronisation = process where data on desktop/mobile device is consistent (both
see latest versions of data – contacts, calendars).
2
,• Mobile devices’ operating system provides communication software to perform tasks
(updates).
• Communication = via USB port (cable/docking unit) or wireless connection
(internet/Bluetooth).
• Backup data from mobile device to computer = synchronize + transfer data (two-way
process).
• Synchronization management application = determine if data varies from devices
(overwrite to latest).
3
,NAME OF COMPUTER SYSTEM PRIMARY USE PROCESSING SIZE
TYPE POWER
DESCRIPTION PORTABILITY
DESKTOP Running applications 3-4 Large – occupies
- Personal Computer. need lot of memory, entire desktop.
- Most common type in use. speed, + graphics Not portable
- Processor circuitry is contained capabilities. at all.
1 chip = microprocessor (CPU).
LAPTOP Similar to desktop 3-4 Much smaller
- Notebooks = similar desktops = but high graphics than desktop.
more mobile. capabilities = limited Very Essential
- Price/performance = because of screen portable. peripherals
comparable to desktops with size. integrated in
introduction of casing.
microprocessors for mobile
computers.
TABLET Good for 1-2 Can occupy same
- Light weight, low powered, demonstration area as laptop =
laptop-shaped + touch/graphics applications + those Very thinner (no
tablet screen. where stylus /digital portable. keyboard or
- Write directly on screen pen used for mouse).
converts to digital text. emphasis/
- Keyboard/mouse can be explanation.
attached (isn’t needed).
SMARTPHONE Allow for 1-2 Same as regular
- Mobile phone = more advanced connectivity, mail phone, some
computing ability/connectivity access, running Very slightly wider =
than conventional phone. applications (GPS/ portable. offer bigger
- Allows user to install/run telephony). screen area.
advanced applications.
SMART WEAR Information (fitness 1 Very small – size
- Wearable device (watch) = statistics/direction). of wristwatch.
simpler smartphone operating Pairing smartphone Very
system. allows smartphone portable.
- Capable of connectivity + smart apps/hardware used
apps. on device (camera).
SERVER Centralized 5-8 Similar to
processing/specific desktop. Can
4
, - Powerful computers = large management Dual/quad contain multiple
storage capacity = other capabilities (e.g. core hard disks =
computer in network connect application, web, processor slightly larger.
(use server resources). antivirus, mail, data) work
- Provide services to machines in together/
network. independentl
- Types include file, print, web y
servers. ˄ efficiency/
performance.
Not portable
at all.
EMBEDDED COMPUTER Not used typical N/A N/A
- Computer system designed computer – provides
perform 1+ dedicated limited/specific N/A
functions. processing
- Embedded as part of device capabilities to
(includes hardware + appliances/electronic
mechanical parts). equipment.
- Control many devices in
common use. E.g. computer
systems in car/household
appliances.
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER Mainly used code in 1 Extremely small
- E.g. Raspberry Pi + Arduino. Scratch/Python used – size of credit
- Small motherboard with create smart devices. Very card.
processor + storage. Arduino = good portable.
- Includes ports for input/output writing code control
devices. robotic devices.
SUPERCOMPUTER Most use Linux as 10 Extremely large
- Largest type of computer. operating system = (take up multiple
- Used in computational science, manipulates large Not portable floors of office
quantum mechanics, weather databases. at all. buildings).
forecasting, host of high-level
computing environments.
5
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