Lecturer recommended notes! Chapter 10 summaries of the Social Psychology - Kassin, Fein & Markus (2016 - 10th Edition) textbook. Do not underestimate this section in the Psych exam. It will show you flames if you don't study. I received 100% for this exam section by using these notes and still use...
Source: Social Psychology (10th Edition) by Saul Kassin (Author), Steven Fein
(Author), Hazel Rose Markus
Recommended additional study source:
Youtube - Frank M. LoSchiavo (Channel)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v:xcxUu6Tz0Yandlist:PLApmiahrmPktt14vJbjACm
q4rcLzJaS4Uandab_channel:FrankM.LoSchiavo)
Chapter 10
DEFINITIONS:
1. Aggression: behaviour directed toward the goal of harming another living
being how is motivated to avoid such treatment
2. Drive theories (of aggression): Theories suggesting that aggression stems
from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others. The
most famous of these is the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
3. General Aggression Model (GAM): a modern theory that suggests that
aggression is triggered by various input variables that influence arousal,
affective stages, and conditions.
4. Frustration-aggression hypothesis: suggests that frustration is a very
powerful determinant of aggression.
5. Provocation: actions by others that tend to trigger aggression in the recipient,
often because they are perceived as stemming from malicious intent.
6. Teasing: provoking statements that call attention to the target's flaws and
imperfections.
7. Excitation transfer theory: a theory - that suggests that arousal produced in
one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later
situations.
8. Cultures of honour: cultures in which there are string norms indicating that
aggression is an appropriate response to insults to one's honour.
9. TASS model: the traits as situational sensitivities model. A view suggests that
many personality traits function in a threshold-like manner, influencing
behaviour only when situations evoke them.
, 10. Type A behaviour pattern: a pattern consisting primarily of high levels of
competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility.
11. Type B behaviour pattern: a pattern consisting of the absence of
characteristics associated with the type A behaviour pattern.
12. Hostile aggression: aggression in which the prime objective is inflicting
some kind of harm on the victim.
13. Instrumental aggression: aggression in which the primary goal is not to
harm the victim but rather the attainment of some other goal – for example,
access to valued resources.
14. Bullying: a pattern of behaviour in which one individual is chosen as the
target of repeated aggression by one or more others; the target person (the
victim) generally has less power than those who engage in aggression (the
bullies).
15. Cyber bullying: bullying (repeated assaults against specific target persons)
occurring in chatrooms and other internet locations.
16. Punishment: procedures in which aversive consequences are delivered to
individuals when they engage in specific actions.
17. Catharsis hypothesis: the view that providing angry people with an
opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will
reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression.
18. Self-affirmation: refers to the tendency to respond to a threat to one's self-
concept by affirming one's competence in another area (different from the
threat).
Aggression
• Aggression : behaviour directed toward the goal of harming another living
being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.
• In the past, aggression involved face-to-face assaults against others, either
verbal/physical/indirect efforts to harm them through such tactics as spreading
malicious rumours about them, but now there are many new and deadly ways
to harm others, such as sexting and using the Web to spread embarrassing
photos and "smear campaigns".
, • Humiliating others has become more acceptable in today's age, and the age-
old desire to harm others can find many new forms of expression.
Perspectives on Aggression: In Search of The Roots of Violence
There are people out there who are perfectly willing to kill and injure other people
they do not know and have done no harm to them, such as through terrorism
Role of Biological Factors – Our Basic Nature as Species
• Sigmund Freud: aggression stems mainly from a powerful death wish
(Thanatos) we all possess
- This instinct is initially aimed at self-destruction but is soon redirected
outward toward others.
• Konrad Lorenz: aggression springs mainly from an inherited fighting instinct
which ensures that only the strongest males will obtain mates and pass their
genes on to the next generation.
• Most social psychologists rejected such ideas for the following reasons:
1) Human beings aggress against others in many different ways – everything
from excluding them from social groups to performing overt acts of violence
against them
- How can genetic factors determine such a range of behaviours all?
2) Aggressive actions vary tremendously across human societies, so that is
much more likely to occur in some than in others.
• Most social psychologists reject the view that human aggression stems largely
from intrinsic factors.
- Some accept that genetic factors may play a role in human aggression.
• Evolutionary perspective: in the evolutionary past and even in the present, to
some extent, males seeking desirable mates found it necessary to compete with
other males. One way of eliminating such competition is through successful
aggression, which drives the rivals away.
- Since males who were adept in such behaviour may have been more
successful in securing mates and transmitting their genes to offspring, this
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