This assignment contains the following question, along with other and marked answers:
QUESTION 1
Explain the international events that have contributed to the development of environmental education and education for sustainability. List (pointwise) the key international developments
and events i...
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Signature: Date: 21 Sept 2018
1
, QUESTION 1
Explain the international events that have contributed to the development of environmental
education and education for sustainability. List (pointwise) the key international developments
and events in a short one- to two-page account, providing the relevant names of events and
dates/years in which they took place.
[20]
Assessment guide: Be very specific in your answer, for instance by referring to conferences, conventions,
commissions, and summits and what each entailed or contributed.
World-War II (1939 – 1945) had devastating effects on numerous countries and their
people. This was a time that made people reflect on the consequences of the war on the
environment and the issues that were arising as a result of the war.
The decades following the Second World War saw international environmental
organizations such as the IUCN (concerned with the diminishing wildlife and natural
resources) and the World Wildlife Fund (concerned with raising funds for wildlife
conservation) being established in 1948 and 1961 respectively. Both these organizations
recognized that the link between social, economic and cultural issues were ultimately also
linked to educational issues and the need for environmental education.
UNESCO - The United Nation’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was
established in 1946 and although it was initially only focused on education from a
developmental aspect, it became a key player in developing international environmental
education and coining the term ‘Environmental Education’, through its partnership with
organizations such as IUCN.
In 1972 a United Nations Conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm,
Sweden. This proved to be a significant milestone in the development of environmental
education on an international scale. Although there were conflicting opinions as well as
delicate discussions and the conference was to some extent inconclusive, it was the first
time ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ countries had gathered together to discuss these sensitive issues
concerning ‘Developing Countries’ and their environmental matters.
A positive spin-off from the UN - Human Environment Conference, was the establishment
of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) which was tasked with ensuring
that the term Environmental Education be used, as opposed to any other term that could
mean the same or similar.
UNEP was responsible for organizing the first International Workshop on Environmental
Education in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1975.
UNEP also hosted the first ever Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental
Education in 1997 in Tbilisi USSR. The Declaration of 12 Principles of Environmental
Education was a major outcome of the conference.
The first International Conference on Environmental Education held in South Africa, took
place in 1982 at Treverton College in Natal. The formation of the EEASA – Environmental
Education Association of Southern Africa – was a landmark achievement for
Environmental Education in South Africa.
In 1987 the International conference on Environmental Education was held in Moscow.
Here the Tbilisi principles were re-affirmed as solid and sound guidelines to support the
development of Environmental Education Programmes on a global, regional and national
level.
The first international Earth Summit was a United Nations conference which focused on
Environment and Development and was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 to address
2
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