Essay
Intelligence and psychology
- Course
- Psychology
- Institution
- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
basic concepts and overview of intelligence. race and culture in intelligence.
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Table of ContentsA Brief Overview of Intelligence...............................................................................................2
The Development of Intelligence...........................................................................................2
Main Concepts of Intelligence...............................................................................................3
Race and Culture in Intelligence Testing...............................................................................4
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................5
References..................................................................................................................................7
Rubric.....................................................................................................................................9
, A Brief Overview of Intelligence
According to Gardner (1999, pp. 33-34), intelligence is defined as “a
biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to
solve problems or create products that are of value in the environment” (Swartz et al., 2016).
Intelligence forms part of cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology can be explained,
according to Eysenck and Mark (2005), as concerning itself with processing and making
sense of the environment, and what action would be appropriate. Intelligence is divided into
two approaches, the psychometric and theoretical approaches (Swartz et al., 2016). This
academic essay will briefly discuss key theorists as well as key theories of intelligence. It will
also include key concepts of intelligence and an example of an issue in South Africa
involving intelligence.
The Development of Intelligence
The history of intelligence is traced back to the 19 th century where British
mathematician, Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) founded the statistics for measuring
intelligence (Swartz et al., 2016). James M. Cattell coined the term ‘mental test’ and,
diligently working with his superior Willhelm Wundt (1832-1920) believed behaviour could
be verified by examining different mental operations in people (Swartz et al., 2016). In the
20th century, however, we see Alfred Binet, Victor Henri and Theodore Simon having done
prior research of their own argue that intelligence measurement should rather focus on higher
functioning mental processes. In 1905, according to Swartz et al. (2016), the Binet-Simon
scale was developed, portraying the cognitive development of an individual’s age. This scale
was the stepping stone for other testing scales.
From 1949, David Wechsler (1896-1981) another important figure in intelligence,
formed his first intelligence measuring test known as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children (Swartz et al., 2016). Wechsler went on to develop two others some of which are
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