Summaries of all the lectures and readings provided for weeks 5/6/7 in Psychology 114. This includes Psychoanalytic Theory, Behaviourism, and Humanism.
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P114: Classic Psychoanalysis (week 5)
SIGMUND FREUD
psychoanalysis grew from Freud’s work
innovative procedure: based of interpreting lives, anxieties, desires, complexes of others/himself
CONVINCED OF UNCONSCIOUS:
Freudian slips: slips of tongue reveal w. person is truly feeling
dreams: express NB feelings one isn’t aware of
LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS:
thought, feelings, experiences individual is aware of @ any time = contents change often
1 CONSCIOUS
ideas, perceptions, memories, feelings t one can become aware of
2 PRECONSCIOUS can be easily recalled + brought back into consciousness
unacceptable/inaccessible ideas, perceptions, memories, feelings
3 UNCONSCIOUS buried bc they threaten t. conscious mind
DRIVE MODEL:
1. LIFE DRIVE: eros
motivates us for individual survival + survival of species (reproduction)
2. DEATH DRIVE: thanatos
destructive instincts of humanity = seek pain instead of pleasure (self-destruction)
2. REALITY PRINCIPLE: some gratifications are problematic according to social rules
pleasure principles repressed into unconscious BUT it continues to influence behaviour/thought/feelings
DEVELOPMENT:
moving from childhood states relying on pleasure principle to adult states relying on reality principle
orderly progression of bodily preoccupations
each psychosexual stage: child faces conflict between pleasure principle vs socially acceptable (reality principle)
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES:
STAGE AGE (years) EROTIC FOCUS Conflicts
ORAL 0-1 Mouth (sucking, biting) Weaning from breast/bottle
ANAL 2-3 Anus (expelling/retaining faeces) Controlling bowel movements
OEDIPAL CRISIS:
boy desires to possess mother + rivals w. father
fear of punishment for desires = castration
PHALLIC 4-5 Genitals (masturbating) anxiety
girls develop penis envy = admire strength/ power
associated w. having penis
LATENCY 6-12 None (sexually repressed) Expanding social contacts
GENITAL Puberty Genitals (sexual intimacy) Interest in sexual partners
onwards
, parents too indulgent (excessive gratification) OR too inhibiting (deprivation) = FIXATION occurs (child becomes stuck w.
long-term effects)
PERSONALITY STRUCTURES:
FREUD’S STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY:
impulsive energies
entirely unconscious! e.g. so hungry during lecture
t. you open packet of crisps
1 ID (it) pleasure principle: demands immediate gratification od urges from bag now, rather than
waiting until end
primary process thinking: primitive, illogical, irrational, fantasy-
orientated = instant gratification
regulates impulses + compromises between id/superego
conscious + unconscious! e.g. so hungry during lecture
but wait until end of lecture,
2 EGO (me) reality principle: seeks to delay gratification od id’s urges until bc. packet makes too much
appropriate outlets/situations are found noise
secondary-process thinking: relatively rational, realistic + orientated
towards problem-solving = weighs up situations
e.g. so hungry during lecture
conscience, moral values, self-critical attitudes + not only refusing to eat
3 SUPEREGO oversees from moral perspective during lecture but refusing to
(above me) overly harsh = excessive repression = therapy to repair damage eat crisps bc. they are
unhealthy
DEFENCE MECHANISMS:
resistant force keeps certain memories out of awareness = ego defends against conflict of morals vs drives
e.g. repression; resistance; denial; projection; reaction formation; rationalisation
value = protection
harmful = too reliant on it + don’t use varied mechanisms
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY:
PURPOSE OF THERAPY:
remove defence mechanisms to get into unconscious
remedies over-reliance on defence mechanisms
patient becomes aware of mechanisms + unconscious drives/desires
THERAPY TECHNIQUES:
to gain access/insight to unconscious + make conflicts conscious
1. FREE ASSOCIATION:
patient lies facing away from therapist + spontaneously describes/expressed whatever comes to mind
therapist observes content + resistance to certain content
usually painful childhood memories/experiences
2. DREAM ANALYSIS:
conscious access to unconscious material
MANIFEST CONTENT: disguised form + distorted meaning
LATENT CONTENT: actual meaning = unconscious drives/desires/thoughts
4. TRANSFERENCE:
unconsciously relates to therapist in similar ways as to other significant relationships (e.g. parents)
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE: how therapist reacts in interactions between patient + transferred individual
says much about content of unconscious
PSYCHOANALYSIS & NEW DIRECTIONS:
WHAT WAS LEFT OUT?
historical context: sexually repressive Victorian era = believed sexual drive is primary motivator
middle class, male perspective: concerns of females/poverty unaccounted for
FREUD’S THEORY BECAME DOMINANT SCHOOL OF THOUGHT: many psychologists resonated w. theories = responded +
developed further
psychodynamic theories: helps client gain insight into unconscious desires/drives
“the unthinkable anxiety” – D Winnicott
“the nameless dread” – W Bion
DEVELOPMENTS ON PSYCHOANALYSIS:
departures from classic psychoanalysis = different streams of training
1. KLEIN 2. BOWLBY 3. KOHUT
object relations attachment theory development of self-psychology
significant events in child’s life empathy of therapist +
NB!! subjective experience NB!!
DEVLOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS:
focused on children
fantasy reveals biological instinctual drives + deals w. it
instinctual drives have objects t. will satisfy needs through relationships
OBJECT: significant person/ part/ symbol of person t. is target of feelings/
drives
OBJECT RELATIONS:
1 KLEINIAN PSYCHOANALYSIS
interpersonal relationship w. object
formed by infant projections of feelings/energies outward onto subject
interactions internalised as internal experiences/representations of
relationship
good experience (gratified) VS bad experience (denied)
internal objects stay + affect future interpersonal relationships
independent thinker: accepted certain psychological views BUT rejected
those without empirical evidence
believed psychoanalytical interviews must be supplemented w. data gained
through psychoanalytical methods (NOT mother of child)
early years + certain events NB!
2 BOLWBY: ATTACHMENT THEORY
e.g. separation from mother
trauma caused by faulty relationships = maladjustments + delinquency
objective factors in early social environment have NB role!
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