100% satisfaction guarantee Immediately available after payment Both online and in PDF No strings attached
logo-home
Previously searched by you
Previously searched by you
logo
PYC1501 EXAM PACK WITH SUMMARY NOTES R60,51
Add to cart
Quickly navigate to
Preview
  2.  
  3. University Of South Africa
  4.  
  5. PYC1501 - Basic Psychology (PYC1501)

Exam (elaborations)

PYC1501 EXAM PACK WITH SUMMARY NOTES
 0 purchase

PYC1501 EXAM PACK WITH SUMMARY NOTES. Cognition:Problemsolving(P1) Problemsolvingisoftenregardedasoneofthehighestformsofthinking.Theyaretwo phasestosuccessfulproblem-solving.Firstyouneedtodiscoverthegeneralpropertiesof thecorrectsolution.Thisgeneralsolutionisanherbalideaofwhatisrequiredtosolveth...

[Show more]

Preview 4 out of 214  pages

Document information

  • September 13, 2022
  • 214
  • 2022/2023
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

Subjects

Written for

All documents for this subject (39)

Seller

avatar-seller
SOLUTIONS2024

Reviews received

Content preview

PYC1501 EXAM
PACK WITH
SUMMARY NOTES

,PYC1501BASIC
PSYCHOLOGY
Cognition:Problemsolving(P1)
Problemsolvingisoftenregardedasoneofthehighestformsofthinking.Theyaretwo
phasestosuccessfulproblem-solving.Firstyouneedtodiscoverthegeneralpropertiesof
thecorrectsolution.Thisgeneralsolutionisanherbalideaofwhatisrequiredtosolvethe
problembutwithoutspecificdetail.Onceyouhaveageneralsolution,youcanworkonthe
functionalsolutionwithsufficientdetailtoguidefurtheractiontosolvetheproblem.


Stepsintheprocessofproblemsolving
1.Identifytheproblemanddefineitclearly
Problem-solvingstartswiththerecognitionthatthereisaproblemandthisisfollowedby
definitionoftheproblem.Thewayyourecognizeanddefineaprobleminfluencestheway
yougoaboutsolvingit.

2.Explorevariousstrategies
Strategiesforsolvingtheproblem:

Trialanderrorapproach
Thetrialanderrorapproachtosolvingaproblemiscalledthemechanicalapproach,
becauseitinvolvesapplyingasetofrulesordiscoverybyroute.Trialanderrorthinking
involvestryingallpossibilitiesmoreorlessrandomly.

Heuristicstrategies
Anunderstandingapproach.Theheuristicapproachincreasestheoddsofsuccess,but
doesnotguaranteeasolution.
 Tryworkingbackfromthedesiredgoaltothecurrentsituation.
 Identifythewaythatthecurrentsituationdiffersfromyourdesiredgoalandidentify
thestepsthatyouneedtotaketoreducethedifferences.
 Adoptananalogicalapproachbythinkingofasimilarproblemandconsiderwhether
thesolutiontothesimilarproblemwillworkforyourpresentproblem.
 MakealistofyourassumptionsofChristianandsystematicallychallengeortest
eachone,thismaysuggestideasforsolvingtheproblem.

3.Explorepossiblesolutions
severalpossiblesolutionsmayhaveemergedfromthepreviousphaseofproblemsolving
andeachoneneedstobeconsidered.Youmayneedtoaskwhattheparticularsolution
wouldbringaboutorhowitwouldchangetheproblemsituation,whataretheadvantages
anddisadvantages.



Downloaded by: lindililly |
Distribution of this document is illegal

, Stuvia.com - The study-notes marketplace




4.Evaluateandlearnfromthesolution

Happenedatpotentialsolutionyoutrygivesrisetoanotherproblem,butyoucanagaindeal
witheachoneuntilyoufindasatisfactorysolution.Youhavetoassesseachsolutiontofind
outwhetherithassolvedtheproblemefficiently.

Insight-sometimes,ananswertoaproblemappearssuddenlyandwewonderwhywedidn't
seethesolutionbefore.Thisiscalledgaininginsightintoaproblem.


Restrictedthinking
Mentalsetorfixation-tendencytoevaluatetheproblemsituationinaparticularwayandto
sticktothatevaluation.
Emotionalbarriers-sometimesweareunabletosolvetheproblembecauseouremotions
getinthewayofthinkingclearly.
Learnedbarriers-wemaythinkthatsomethingcananybedoneinonewaybecausethatis
thewaywehavelearnedtodothings.Theyareotherwaysofproblemsolvinginadditionto
theoldways.
Perceptualbarriers-sometimeswetendtoseeonlyoneaspectoftheproblemandignore
others.
Culturalbarriers-aculturalvaluesmayleadustobelievethatreasonandlogicarethebest
meansofsolvingproblemsandthatfantasyandtheyarewasteoftime.Inthiswaywedo
notexplorethevariouswaysofproblemsolving.


Cognition:Reasoning(P6)
Reasoningisoneformofthought.Reasoningcanbedefinedasaprocessofgoal-directed
thinkingthatdrawsconclusionsfromasetoffacts.Whenwereasonwecomparedifferent
bitsofinformation.


Thestructureofreasoning
Apremise
Isthestatementfromwhichtheconclusionisinferred.Thepremiseprovidestheevidence
thatsupportsyourconclusion.
Aconclusion
Whenyoureason,theviewpointyouadoptproclaimyoumakeistheconclusion.


Reasoningbasedonformalrulesoflogic
Deductivereasoning
Deductivereasoningreferstotheprocessofdrawingaconclusionthatfollowslogically
fromtwoormorestatementsorpremises.Deductivereasoningisbasedonthelogicalruled
thatifthepremiseistrue,thentheconclusionistrue(andcannotpossiblybefalse).

Inductivereasoning
Downloaded by: lindililly |
inductivereasoningusesavailableevidencetogenerateaconclusionaboutthelikelihoodof
Distribution of this document is illegal

, Stuvia.com - The study-notes marketplace




something.Inductivereasoning,theconclusionisbasedonthepremise,butthepremisesdo
notguaranteetheconclusion.Thepremisesonlyprovidesomesupportforthelikelihoodof
probabilityoftheconclusion.

Analogicalreasoning-meansthatyouinferpatternsofrelationsbetweenthings.



Differencesbetweenformalandinformalreasoning
Formalreasoning Informalreasoning
Thepremisesarestatedexplicitly. Thepremisesaremoreimpliedthanexplicit.

Theproblemthatisbeingreasonedaboutis Usuallyhaspersonalconsequencesfor
generallynotpersonallyrelevant. everydaylife.Thiscanleadtoweaknessesin
reasoning.(1)wemayacceptapremiseas
truewithoutthinkingcarefullyaboutits
accuracy(2)wemayacceptaconclusion
becauseitagreeswithourpersonal
viewpointwithoutthinkingcarefullyabout
theevidenceonwhichitisbased.

Thestructuresandrulesofformalreasoning
aremoreobviousthaninformaleveryday
reasoning.

Usuallyonecorrectsolution. Severalpossiblesolutionsbecauseofthe
practicalitiesofeverydaylife.



Fallacies

Conclusionsaresometimesbasedonfallaciesormisleadingarguments.Peoplemayuse
fallacieswhentheywantustochangethewaywebelieve.Fallaciesuseirrelevantpremises
tosupportaconclusion,asifthosepremisesarerelevant.Differentformsoffallacy:
 Playingonsomeone'ssympathiestogetsomethingdone.
 Tryingtodiscreditanissuebydiscreditingthepersonwhosupportstheissue.
 Relyingonthecharacteristicsofacertaingroupinordertogainsupportfora
particularconclusion.
 Usingafalseanalogy-thismeansimplyingthatthingsthataresimilaractually
identical.
 Usingaslightlychangedversionofsomeoneelse'spointofviewasabasisforyour
reasoning.


Criticalreasoning
Inordertopreventmisunderstandings,itisimportantthatweshouldbeabletoevaluatethe
informationwereceive,thatweshouldreasoncorrectlyandthatweshouldmakegood
judgments.Thisiswhatismeantbytheterm"criticalreasoning".Criticalreasoningmeans
Downloaded by: lindililly |
thatyoulookatalltheoptionsandvariousexplanationsforsomethinganddonotmerely
Distribution of this document is illegal

The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Guaranteed quality through customer reviews

Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.

Quick and easy check-out

Quick and easy check-out

You can quickly pay through EFT, credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.

Focus on what matters

Focus on what matters

Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!

Frequently asked questions

What do I get when I buy this document?

You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.

Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?

Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.

Who am I buying this summary from?

Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller SOLUTIONS2024. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.

Will I be stuck with a subscription?

No, you only buy this summary for R60,51. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.

Can Stuvia be trusted?

4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

68175 documents were sold in the last 30 days

Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy summaries for 15 years now

Start selling
R60,51
  • (0)
Add to cart
Added