This document contains information regarding the Grade 12 Food and Nutrition Chapter, which have been written meticulously according to the updated IEB SAGs for Consumer Studies for 2022/2023 etc. These summaries include the description, cause and symptoms, prevention and management strategies of n...
Description Symptoms Causes Prevention and management
Diabetes mellitus refers to a chronic › excessive thirst and hunger › Eat small meals regularly and do
condition where the body cannot control › fatigue not skip meals - it helps to keep the
the blood glucose level, because too › irritability blood
little/no insulin is produced.
› poor digestion glucose level constant.
Types
› Choose foods that are low in
Type 1 diabetes
› A genetic disease where the pancreas does not saturated fat and kilojoules.
work and you control it by insulin injections daily
› Eat more low-GI foods, e.g., fruit,
for the rest of your life.
vegetables, and wholegrain products,
Type 2 diabetes In type 2 diabetes the body cells become as
resistant to insulin and the pancreas can no
› The pancreas does not synthesise enough insulin they release energy more gradually
longer produce enough insulin to overcome
to control the blood glucose level effectively or the
the resistance. Instead of moving into the
and keep the body sated (full) for
body cannot use the insulin effectively.
cells, glucose builds up in the bloodstream. longer.
› This type of diabetes usually develops in persons
older than 40, but it has
› Eat foods containing lean proteins,
Type 2 diabetes is mainly caused by
become more frequent among children and young e.g. oily fish, chicken, and legumes
adults who are inactive and follow a poor diet. incorrect
(pulses).
Pregnancy (gestational) diabetes food choices and inactivity. Genetic and
> It occurs in pregnant women who do not normally environmental factors also play a role. › Avoid refined sugars and be aware
suffer of hidden sugars.
from diabetes, but who experience a high blood
Risk factors: Age, family history, obesity,
glucose
inactive lifestyle, high alcohol intake
level during pregnancy. › Exercise regularly
,LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS [HYPOGLYCAMEIA]
Description Causes Prevention and management
A condition when the blood glucose level drops The sudden withdrawal of glucose from the The main purpose: is to avoid a sudden rise in the
abnormally low. bloodstream when/after: blood glucose level.
Most frequent incidence of hypoglycameia is after a › eating food with a high-Gl level or a high-fat
meal: Eat mainly low-GI foods during meals and when
content
- 15 – 30 min after eating high-GI foods the snacking
› skipping meals or taking meals irregularly
blood glucose level rises very quickly (except
› exercising hard without taking in extra food
during\after exercise Lower the total Gl of a meal by combining high-GI and
-
- A lot of insulin is released into the low-GI foods.
bloodstream in order to counter the sudden
Hypoglycaemia in diabetics can be caused by:
rise in the blood glucose level › taking too much insulin or diabetic tablets Eat small, regular, meals and do not skip meals.
- Insulin causes the blood glucose level to drop › skipping meals or eating too little
rapidly below the normal level. exercising very hard for too long a period Eat high-Gl snacks after exercise to stabilise blood
› taking alcohol on an empty stomach glucose levels.
Typical symptoms:
- shakiness Increase a low blood glucose level (especially in
- headache diabetics) by taking in glucose in foods [raisins, honey,
- dizziness fruit juices or glucose tablets.
- poor concentration
- weakness
, HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS [HYPERGLYCAMEIA]
Description Causes Prevention and management
A condition when the blood glucose Hyperglycaemia occurs when the blood glucose level rises abnormally > Diabetes must be prevented, treated, and
level rises abnormally high. high and remains high. managed to prevent hyperglycaemia.
hyper = high > Avoid too many high-GI foods.
glycaemia = blood glucose Normally, the blood glucose level rises quickly and sharply after a meal
> Exercise regularly.
that is rich in high-Gl foods.
Insulin ensures that the excess glucose is absorbed out of the blood, taken
up by the cells and converted to energy. This normalises the blood glucose
levels again.
In a diabetic, the secretion and/or functioning of insulin is ineffective or
totally dysfunctional.
- Excess glucose continues to build up in the bloodstream and the
blood glucose level stays high.
In diabetics, hyperglycaemia can be caused by:
- eating foods high in sugar
- not taking insulin injections or other medication, or incorrect use
of medication
- too little exercise & sustained stress
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