HRPYC81_Research Report Portfolio_Assignment
62_Unique Number _N.Downes_Student
Number
Module code: HRPYC81
Research Report for project 4813
Title of study:
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT AGING HAS ON SHORT-TERM
MEMORY TASKS IN A HEALTHY BRAIN
Contents
1. Abstract .................................
HRPYC81_Research Report Portfolio_Assignment
62_Unique Number 783777_N.Downes_Student
Number 3955601
, Module code: HRPYC81
Research Report for project 4813
Title of study:
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT AGING HAS ON SHORT-TERM
MEMORY TASKS IN A HEALTHY BRAIN
,Contents
1. Abstract ..............................................................................................................................3
2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................4
3. Literature Review ...............................................................................................................6
3.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................6
3.2 Memory stages ..............................................................................................................7
3.2.1 Encoding stage ..................................................................................................7
3.2.2 Storage stage .....................................................................................................7
3.2.3 Retrieval stage ..................................................................................................8
3.3 Short-Term Memory and Sensory Memory ...................................................................8
3.3.1 Sensory Memory (SM) .....................................................................................8
3.3.2 Short-Term Memory (STM). ...........................................................................8
3.3.3 Short-Term Memory and Sensory Memory Compared. ..............................9
3.4 Working Memory (WM) ...............................................................................................9
Figure 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
3.4.1 Working Memory in relationship with Short -Term Memory .................. 11
3.5 Long-term Memory (LTM) ......................................................................................... 11
3.5.1 Procedural memory......................................................................................... 11
3.5.2 Declarative memory ....................................................................................... 11
3.5.3 Implicit Memory Priming. ............................................................................. 11
3.6 STM Enhancement ...................................................................................................... 12
3.6.1 Chunking .......................................................................................................... 12
3.6.2 Mnemonics ....................................................................................................... 12
3.7 Biological aspects of memory...................................................................................... 12
3.8 Cognitive aspects of memory ...................................................................................... 13
3.9 The effect of age on memory ....................................................................................... 14
3.10 Delineating short-term/working memory for researching purposes ............................ 14
3.11 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 15
4. Method ............................................................................................................................. 16
4.1 Participants ................................................................................................................. 16
4.2 Ethics .......................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Apparatus .................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Research Design .......................................................................................................... 17
4.5 Methodology ............................................................................................................... 17
5. Reliability and validity...................................................................................................... 17
6. Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 18
, 7. Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 19
7.1 Phonetic Loop Tests .................................................................................................... 19
7.2 Spatial Tests ................................................................................................................ 21
8. Results .............................................................................................................................. 22
8.1 Group Structures ......................................................................................................... 22
8.2 Phonetic Loop Test words recalled correctly ............................................................... 22
8.3 Phonetic Loop Test words falsely recalled ................................................................... 22
8.4 Phonetic Loop Results AFTER memory chunking techniques trained.......................... 22
8.5 Spatial Tests String Length of correct digits recalled sequentially. ............................... 24
8.6 Spatial Tests String Length of correct digits recalled sequentially AFTER memory
chunking techniques trained .............................................................................................. 24
9. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 24
10. Limitations and future recommendations ........................................................................ 26
11. Significance of this research ........................................................................................... 26
12. Concluding remarks ........................................................................................................ 26
Reference List ..................................................................................................................... 27
Plagiarism Declaration.......................................................................................................... 30
Addendum A: Consent Form ................................................................................................ 31
Part I: Information Sheet ................................................................................................... 31
Part II: Certificate of Consent ............................................................................................ 33
Addendum B: Questionnaires ............................................................................................... 34
Addendum C: Data Analysis................................................................................................. 38
List of Abbreviations:
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Short-Term Memory (STM)
Working Memory (WM)
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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