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Samenvatting Voortplanting en Embryologie
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Dit is een samenvatting van alle lessen van Voortplanting en Embryologie, gegeven door Steven Van Cruchten. Gastcolleges niet inbegrepen
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By: maida1986 • 10 months ago
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VOORTPLANTING EN EMBRYOLOGIEINHOUD
1.1 Doelstelling ................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.2 Opbouw cursus .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Embryologie: Wat?..................................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Embryologie – morfologische verschijnselen............................................................................................. 8
1.5 Embryologie – periodes ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.6 De voortplanting ...................................................................................................................................... 10
1.6.1 Voortplantingscyclus ........................................................................................................................... 10
1.6.2 Spermato- en spermiogenese.............................................................................................................. 10
1.6.2.1 Mannelijk geslachtsstelsel .......................................................................................................... 10
1.6.2.2 Spermatogenese ......................................................................................................................... 11
1.6.2.3 Spermiogenese ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.6.3 Ovogenese ........................................................................................................................................... 12
1.6.3.1 Vrouwelijk geslachtsstelsel ......................................................................................................... 12
1.6.3.2 Rijping eicel in ovarium ............................................................................................................... 12
1.6.3.3 Apoptose van gonocyten in ovarium .......................................................................................... 13
2.1 De bevruchting ......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.1 Intern of extern.................................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.2 Penetratie van de zaadcel ................................................................................................................... 14
2.1.3 Bevruchting en eerste deling zygote ................................................................................................... 15
2.1.4 Pathologie van de bevruchting ............................................................................................................ 15
2.1.4.1 Aneuploïdie ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.1.4.2 Afwijking in allosomen ................................................................................................................ 16
2.2 Klieving ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.1 Reminder bevruchting ......................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.2 Delaminatie kiemschijf ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.2.3 Ontstaan twee(meer)lingen ................................................................................................................ 18
2.3 Gastrulatie................................................................................................................................................ 18
2.3.1 Stap 1: Primitieve streep ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.2 Stap 2: Invaderen van de epiblastcellen .............................................................................................. 19
2.4 Gastrulatie kan verkeerd gaan! ................................................................................................................ 20
2.4.1 Sirenomelia (caudale dysgenese) ........................................................................................................ 20
2.4.2 Sacrococcygeaal teratoma ................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Primitieve lichaamsvorm – Wat? ............................................................................................................. 21
1
,3.2 Neurulatie ................................................................................................................................................ 22
3.2.1 Proces .................................................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.2 Hersenontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.3 Neural tube defects (NTD’s) ................................................................................................................ 23
3.3 Differentiatie mesoderm in paraxiaal, intermediair en lateraal plaatmesoderm (vorming coeloomholte)
23
3.3.1 Lateraal plaatmesoderm...................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.2 Paraxiaal mesoderm ............................................................................................................................ 24
3.3.3 Intermediair mesoderm....................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.4 Intra-embryonaal mesoderm (bilaterale plooivorming) ...................................................................... 24
5.1 Endodermale derivaten ........................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Mesodermale derivaten ........................................................................................................................... 26
5.3 Eerste ontwikkelingsstadia ...................................................................................................................... 27
5.4 Mondholte en farynx ............................................................................................................................... 28
5.5 Wangen .................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.6 Tanden en lippen ..................................................................................................................................... 29
5.7 Gehemelte ............................................................................................................................................... 30
5.7.1 Gespleten lip/gehemelte ..................................................................................................................... 30
5.8 Tong ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
5.9 Kieuwbogen ............................................................................................................................................. 31
5.10 Slokdarm .................................................................................................................................................. 32
5.11 De maag ................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.11.1 Ansa umbilicalis ............................................................................................................................... 33
5.11.2 Afwijkingen bij de darmtractus ....................................................................................................... 33
Divertikel van Meckel .................................................................................................................................... 33
omphalocoele................................................................................................................................................ 33
gastroschisis .................................................................................................................................................. 34
schistosoma reflexum ................................................................................................................................... 34
5.12 Grote klieren (lever – pancreas) .............................................................................................................. 34
5.13 Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 34
6.1 Ontstaan neusholte.................................................................................................................................. 35
6.2 Paranasale sinussen ................................................................................................................................. 35
6.3 Longdivertikel........................................................................................................................................... 36
6.3.1 Afwijkingen .......................................................................................................................................... 36
7.1 Ontwikkeling pleura ................................................................................................................................. 37
7.2 Ontstaan diafragma ................................................................................................................................. 37
7.2.1 Afwijking: hernia diafragmatica ........................................................................................................... 37
2
,8.1 Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................. 38
8.2 Bloed en bloedvaten: herkomst? ............................................................................................................. 38
8.3 Ontstaan embryonale circulatie ............................................................................................................... 38
8.4 Ontstaan leversinusoïden ........................................................................................................................ 39
8.5 Oorsprong hart......................................................................................................................................... 40
8.5.1 Hart primordium .................................................................................................................................. 40
8.5.2 Ontwikkeling hart: longitudinaal ......................................................................................................... 40
8.5.3 Intra-embryonale circulatie ................................................................................................................. 41
8.5.4 Metamerisatie van de hartbuis ........................................................................................................... 41
8.6 Aortabogen .............................................................................................................................................. 41
8.7 Inwendige ontwikkeling van het hart ...................................................................................................... 43
8.7.1 Septalisatie atrium ............................................................................................................................... 43
8.7.2 Opname sinus venosus in wand Rechter atrium ................................................................................. 44
8.7.3 Septalisatie ventrikel en conus arteriosus ........................................................................................... 44
8.7.4 Sluiting foramen interventriculare ...................................................................................................... 45
8.7.5 Ontwikkeling hartkleppen ................................................................................................................... 45
8.7.5.1 Septalisatie A-V opening ............................................................................................................. 45
8.7.5.2 Ontwikkeling A-V kleppen ........................................................................................................... 45
8.7.5.3 Vorming semilunaire kleppen ..................................................................................................... 45
8.8 Ontstaan vasculair stelsel ........................................................................................................................ 46
8.8.1 Arterieel systeem................................................................................................................................. 46
8.8.2 Veneus systeem ................................................................................................................................... 46
8.8.2.1 Herschikking veneuze instroom in hart ...................................................................................... 47
8.8.2.2 Oorsprong v. cava caudalis ......................................................................................................... 47
8.8.2.3 Evolutie van vv. vitellinae + umbilicales ...................................................................................... 48
8.8.3 Wat als het misloopt? .......................................................................................................................... 49
8.8.3.1 hoog interventriculair septumdefect .......................................................................................... 49
8.8.3.2 Transpositie grote vaten & atresie a. pulmonalis ....................................................................... 49
8.8.3.3 Hartdefecten die cyanose induceren .......................................................................................... 49
8.8.3.4 Aortabogen ................................................................................................................................. 50
8.8.3.5 Congenitale afwijkingen vena cavasysteem ............................................................................... 50
8.9 Ontwikkeling van het lymfestelsel ........................................................................................................... 51
8.9.1 Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 51
8.9.2 Lymfevaten, -knopen, -follikels ........................................................................................................... 51
8.9.3 Tonsillen .............................................................................................................................................. 51
8.9.4 Thymus ................................................................................................................................................ 51
8.9.5 Milt ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
3
, 8.9.6 Wat als het misloopt? .......................................................................................................................... 52
9.1 Vruchtvliezen – waarom? ........................................................................................................................ 53
9.1.1 Bescherming en voeding ..................................................................................................................... 53
9.2 Uterus (oestrische/menstruele cyclus) .................................................................................................... 53
9.2.1 Hormonale regeling van de menstruele cyclus ................................................................................... 53
9.2.2 Cycliciteit van het endometrium ......................................................................................................... 54
9.2.3 Aantal en duur van ovariumcyclus ...................................................................................................... 54
9.3 Implantatie ............................................................................................................................................... 55
9.3.1 Wat vooraf gaat ................................................................................................................................... 55
9.3.2 Differentiatie van de trofoblast ........................................................................................................... 55
9.3.3 Soorten implantatie ............................................................................................................................. 56
9.3.4 Pathologie van de implantatie ............................................................................................................. 56
9.4 Placentatie ............................................................................................................................................... 56
9.4.1 Placentatie – functie? .......................................................................................................................... 56
9.4.2 Grondplan placenta bij huisdieren ...................................................................................................... 57
9.4.3 Villi of vlokken ..................................................................................................................................... 57
9.4.4 Placenta-types ..................................................................................................................................... 58
9.4.4.1 Ifv bloedsomloop ........................................................................................................................ 58
9.4.4.2 Ifv embryonaal/maternaal weefsel ............................................................................................. 58
9.4.4.3 Ifv spreiding choriale vlokken ..................................................................................................... 59
9.4.4.4 Ifv morfologie choriale vlokken .................................................................................................. 60
9.4.5 Pathologie van de placenta ................................................................................................................. 60
9.5 Embryonale aanhangsels ......................................................................................................................... 60
9.5.1 Amnion ................................................................................................................................................ 60
9.5.1.1 Schizamnion ................................................................................................................................ 60
9.5.2 Chorion ................................................................................................................................................ 61
9.5.3 Allantoïs ............................................................................................................................................... 61
9.5.4 Navelblaasje......................................................................................................................................... 61
9.5.5 Navelstreng.......................................................................................................................................... 61
10.1 Algemeen ................................................................................................................................................. 63
10.1.1 Somieten ......................................................................................................................................... 63
10.1.2 Chorda ............................................................................................................................................. 63
10.1.3 Mesenchym origine ......................................................................................................................... 63
10.2 Skelet........................................................................................................................................................ 64
10.2.1 Ossificatie van de schedel ............................................................................................................... 64
10.2.1.1 ontwikkeling schedelbasis .......................................................................................................... 65
10.2.1.2 Opbouw schedel neonaat ........................................................................................................... 65
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