Consumer Studies
Food and Nutrition
2022
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. HIV AND AIDS
2. OSTEOPOROSIS AND RICKETS
3. ANAEMIA (IRON DEFICIENCY)
4. CONSTIPATION (FIBRE)
5. GUT HEALTH (USE OF PRE AND PROBIOTICS)
6. HIGH CHOLESTEROL/ATHEROSCLEROSIS/CORONARY HEART DISEASE
7. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE/ HYPERTENSION
8. TYPE II DIABETES
Differentiate: between low and high GI Foods and their effects on blood
glucose levels
Differentiate between Glycaemic Load and Glycaemic Index
9. FOOD INTOLERANCES- LACTOSE AND GLUTEN
10.FOOD ALLERGIES- NUTS, SEAFOOD, DAIRY, WHEAT, SOYA AND EGGS
11.FOOD ADDITIVES
12.EATING DISORDERS- ANOREXIA AND BULIMIA
13.MALNUTRITION
Undernutrition= MARASMUS and KWASHIORKOR
Overnutrition= OBESITY
14.BMI- calculation and interpretation
15.FOOD BORNE DISEASES
● HEPATITIS A
● TUBERCULOSIS
● E COLI
● DYSENTERY
16. GASTROENTERITIS
IDENTIFY CONSUMER ISSUES RELATED TO THE IMPACT OF THE SELECTION
AND USE OF FOOD ON THE NATURAL OR ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND
SUGGEST STRATEGIES FOR ADDRESSING THE ISSUE.
● Additives
● Functional Foods
● Nutraceutical foods
● Genetically Modified Organisms
● Food security
● Feeding schemes
● Organic farming
● Sustainable farming
1
, HIV AND AIDS
A healthy body has antibodies and cells that make up the human immune system which helps the body
fight against bacteria,mould, fungi, viruses, parasites etc.
HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus
● A virus that attacks the immune system.
● It destroys the white blood cells that normally fight against infections.
● The immune system gets weaker each time you get ill.
AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
● The syndrome or disease that HIV has caused.
● Your immune system is too weak to resist even minor infections- opportunistic infections- like
colds and flu, diarrhoea and more serious diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis which can
be fatal.
Causes
It is transmitted through:
● blood (unclean needles used by drug addicts or tattoo artists, contact sports or injuries, blood
transfusions with unsafe blood), mother to foetus during pregnancy or giving birth.
● semen/vaginal fluid (unprotected sex with an infected person).
● breast milk if the baby is fed other foods and/or formula whilst being breastfed (exclusive breast
feeding is recommended for the first 6 months of a baby’s life).
Three stages of HIV infection
Stage 1 - Acute HIV Infection
● Newly infected
● The virus makes you feel flu-like (sore throat, fever, joint pain, rash etc.) but your body can fight
the infection.
● The virus is very high in the blood and you can transmit HIV easily.
Stage 2 -Asymptomatic Stage
● No real symptoms and can last for up to 10 years without treatment.
● The virus multiplies at low levels in the body.
Stage 3- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Chronic- always sick)
● The final most severe stage of HIV infection.
● The body cannot fight off opportunistic infections- infections that target people with weak
immune systems
● Symptoms like weight loss, nausea, mouth ulcers, diarrhoea and lung infections are common.
Being HIV Positive is not necessarily a death sentence and with a few lifestyle changes- a balanced diet,
no smoking, no alcohol, more exercise, daily medicines etc., you can live a long and healthy life.
2
, AIDS weakens the body and living a ‘normal life is sometimes a challenge. There are periods of time
when you are physically weak, have mouth ulcers, nausea and diarrhea. Going to work can be difficult,
and some people are unable to work. This impacts a family’s finances as well as having an emotional
impact on the family.
Treatment
● There is no current cure for HIV and AIDS.
● Antiretroviral drugs prolong your life but need to be taken for the rest of your life and have
severe side effects, especially if a balanced diet is not followed.
● Proper nutrition, eating the recommended servings from the 6 food groups to incorporate the 6
nutrients can help support the immune system.
Guidelines when preparing and planning meals
● Eat small regular meals throughout the day.
● Eat from all six food groups- bread and cereal, fruit, vegetables, meat and meat alternatives,
dairy and fats and others.
● Eat sufficient energy giving foods- staple foods like bread, rice, maize, potatoes.
● Eat more soluble fibre- oats, bananas, rice.
● Eat protein rich foods- both complete and incomplete as this restores and rebuilds the body
during illness and strengthens the immune system.
❖ Add dry milk powder to foods
❖ Increase intake of soya and legumes, nuts and seeds
● Beware of too many saturated and trans-fats.
● Too much fat can lead to diarrhoea or aggravate it.
● Unsaturated fats are good- supply energy, essential fatty acids- 3:6:9, reduce LDL and cholesterol
build up.
● Fats carry fat soluble vitamins A (valuable antioxidant and protects the lining of lungs),D,E,K
● Eat frequently during and after any opportunistic illness e.g. a food infection.
● Eat nutrient dense food- avoid sugar and junk food.
● Eat lots of fresh fruit and vegetables-
o good source of vitamins A, B6, C and E which are particularly good for the immune
system and are antioxidants.
o High in minerals- zinc and iron help the immune system, selenium is an antioxidant.
● Use less salt.
● Drink clean, safe drinking water.
● Practice good hygiene and food safety by washing fruits and vegetables well, avoiding cross
contamination and avoiding raw eggs, seafood,meat and unpasteurised dairy products.
● Restrict spicy and hard foods when nauseous and mouth ulcers are present.
Guidelines to a healthier lifestyle
● Reduce or eliminate alcohol.
● Stop smoking.
● Exercise- increases well-being and builds up an appetite.
● Plenty of rest and sleep.
3
