This document its an exam pack for PDU3701. It contains notes and summary.
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World’s revolutionaries: World’s Feminists:
Karl Marx World’s great thinkers:
Mary Wollenstonecraft
Jesus Plato
Liz Sanger
Socrates Augustine
Pankhursts
Mahatma Ganhdi Albert Einstein
Germaine Greer
Martin Luther King Friedrich Nietzsche Mary Daly
Nelson Mandela Jacques Derrida
Ama Ata Aidoo
Maria Nzomo
Neuma Aguiar
, Logical empiricism – method of enquiry in philosophy Empiricism – the method of inquiry in
which is concerned with meaning of words + philosophy which argues that
sentences. experience gained through the
origins in British philosophy traditional 5 senses gives us our
question: What is the meaning of this word or most reliable form of information.
sentence?
claims that scientific and mathematical statements
give us the most reliable form of truth. Promoters of empiricism:
1. John Locke (philosopher)
2. Bishop Berkeley (philosopher)
Promoters of logical empiricism: 3. David Hume (philosopher) – most convincing
1. Alfred Ayer (philosopher) empiricists
2. Bertrand Russell (philosopher) – Focused on logic 4. Richard Dawkins (scientist and philosopher)
and facts 5. Colin Evers (educationist)
3. Ludwig Wittgenstein (mathematician) 6. Michel Foucault (philosopher)
4. Stephen Hawking (scientist)
5. Kwasi Wiredu (African philosopher)
6. If we had to ignore empiricism as a method of Empiricism helps us:
enquiry, we will fail to learn from our experiences. As 2. Understand how our physical world
a result, we will be vulnerable to anything that is operates
false. 3. Test the truth of certain claims
4. Refute that which is false
Logical empiricism can help us: 5. Respect the natural laws of the universe
1. Think clearly 6. Learn from experience
2. Be precise in what we mean
3. Be more logical
Failings of empiricism:
4. Solve problems
1. It places too much emphasis on
5. Identify the problems which, at present, we
science
cannot solve
2. It ignores human values
3. It views human beings as
Logical empiricism can’t help us with: machines
1. Find the meaning of life 4. It tends to ignore that which
2. Moral problems cannot be explained scientifically
3. Life choices 5. It confines truth to that which can
4. Facing our own mortality EDC1015 be experienced through the
5. our own suffering Chapter 1 – Thinking senses
clearly and learning
from experience
Critical rationalism – philosophy that encourages Five characteristics that identify Critical
questioning and open mindedness. rationalists:
1. Question what people in authority tell us
Promoters of critical rationalism: 2. Be more open to what other people think
2. Stephan Hawking (British scientist) 3. Examine our own opinions carefully
3. Albert Einstein (scientist) 4. Be more tolerant and understanding
4. Karl Popper (philosopher) 5. Solve problems
5. Godwin Sogolo (African philosopher)
6. Helen Suzman (SA politician) Critical rationalism cant help:
7. Nelson Mandela (former SA president) 1. Make quick decisions
2. Find the meaning of life
3. Deal with people who are dishonest
Critical rationalism can help: 4. It can make us feel insecure
1. Question what people in authority tell us
5. The problem of suffering
2. Be more open to what other people think
3. Examine our own opinions more carefully
4. Be more tolerant and understanding.
5. Solve problems EDC1015
Chapter 2 – Asking
questions
,Existentialism – What is the meaning of life? They Nihilism – Opposite of existentialism. Life
believe that the most important thing we should do is to has no meaning, pointless to try living a
discover, for ourselves, the meaning of life. good or worthwhile life.
Motto of Nihilism is “So what?”
Well known existentialist philosophers: Nihilism can help free people but also can
1. Friedrich Nietzsche cause violence and chaos.
2. Michel Foucault
3. Jacques Derrida
The teaching of existentialists:
4. Jean Baudrillard
1. Discover for ourselves the meaning of life
5. Luce Irigary
2. There is no one meaning to life
6. Jean-Paul Sartre
3. Ask ourselves: “Is this how I want to live my life?”
7. Frantz Fanon
8. Simone de Beauvoir
9. WEB du Bois Failings of existentialism:
1. It may make us too trusting
Existentialism can help us: 2. It can be confusing
1. Question other people’s ideas and values 3. It may lead to despair
2. Be more open about ourselves 4. It may leave us feeling helpless and angry
3. Trust our instincts 5. It may be seriously disruptive
4. Spot fakes
5. Enjoy life more EDC1015
Chapter 3 – How in
the world can we Black Existentialism focuses on
give our lives universal sense of superiority to or
meaning? hatred of black people
, African philosophy – It is a response to the problems and What can African Philosophy do:
troubles of Africa and a response to the domination of 1. Build communities
Western thought. 2. Encourage human beings to be more humble
Philosophy in Africa emerges as part of the anti-colonial 3. Give us a deeper understanding of ourselves
struggle and the challenges of post-colonial reconstruction. 4. Help us appreciate mystery
5. Re-examine the need for tradition in human life
Traditional African social and political communalism:
1. Steve Biko’s Black Consciousness What can’t African Philosophy help us to do:
2. Leopold Senghor’s Negritude 1. It does not challenge power structure
3. Se’kou Toure’s scientific socialism 2. To date, it seems to be unable to accept woman as
4. Kenneth Kaunda’s humanism men’s equals
3. It does not encourage critical thinking
4. It tends to ignore the needs of the individual person
Ubuntu (humanity) – is related to human happiness 5. It tolerates cruel superstitious practices
and well-being.
Ethnic Philosophy
Ubuntu recognizes that the human self only exists Defined as the Philosophy
and develops in relationships with other persons. of Africa
This philosophy is distinctive
African philosophy – Ubuntu and consists of the religious
African philosophy: and moral beliefs of the
African Philosophy has its roots in the spoken traditions and methods of enquiry: continent of Africa.
emphasizes the importance of the community rather than the 1. Ethnic philosophy This philosophy should not
individual. African philosophy is a response to the troubles and 2. Sage(wisdom) be simplified.
problems of Africa. It is a rejection of Western domination and philosophy This philosophy contains
colonization of Africa. African thinkers seek to disprove the 3. Political people’s views of life and
claim that Africans cannot develop rational and scientific philosophy Africa’s ability to criticise its
thought. African philosophy is so appealing that even the West 4. Pure philosophy own traditions.
is borrowing from it. The philosophy of Africa
looks at the “whole”
Ubuntu principle can be applied in the following experience of human
way: beings.
Find out about the learner’s situation at home
EDC1015
If the learner is living on her own, assist I finding
Chapter 4 –
a suitable home for children like herself – involve
What of an
the community and family
African world?
If the learner is living with poor relatives who Sage (wisdom) Philosophy
cannot really provide for her, help the family Sage philosophy focuses on those
obtain the relevant social grants. individuals in the society who are known to
If the learner has to look after younger siblings, be wise and farsighted and who can think
help them find relatives with whom they can stay; critically.
if no relatives are available to help, then find a These people’s views can challenge the
home where all the children can be looked after. authority of the community’s decision.
In the meantime, the teacher, as well as the
community, family or class friend can help by Political Philosophy
providing the learner with accommodation, food Main representatives of African political
and other basic needs. philosophy:
The teacher could also provide extra tuition for 1. Kwame Nkrumah
the learner, school friends can also help. 2. Julius Nyerere
3. Amilcar Cabral
4. Sedar Leopold Senghor
People who promote African Philosophy: 5. Frantz Fanon
1. Kwame Anthony Appiah African political philosophy must be different
2. Peter Bodunrin If we ignore Africa, we will be from Capitalist, socialist or communist
3. Amilcar Cabral doing some form of inner political philosophy.
4. Frantz Fanon violence to ourselves,
5. Segun Gbadegesin because Africa is the cradle Pure Philosophy
6. Kwame Gyekye of humankind. Africa is a Pure philosophy is philosophy done by
7. Paulin Hountondji huge continent that contains African philosophers in empiricism, critical
8. Mahmood Mamdani enormous natural wealth and rationalism and existentialism.
9. John Mbiti is home to a growing human People who represented Pure philosophy:
10. Henry Odera Oruka population. Africa is part of 1. Kwasi Wiredu
11. Sedar Leopold Senghor the world socio-economic 2. Peter Bodunrin
12. Tsenay Serequeberhan order, on which her 3. Henry Odera Oruka
13. Kwasi Wiredu philosophy has an impact. 4. Kwame Anthony Appiah
5. Paulin Hountondji
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