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Summary PST312M - Physical Education And Sports Coaching (PST312M)
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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
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1Physical Education and Sports Coaching
UNIT 1: THE PHILOSOPHY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
1. Definition:
Physical education involves teaching learners skills. It provides the teacher with the opportunity to
educate learners through the experience of motor movement and teaching them about their bodies.
Sport is a human activity that involves administration and rules. It also involves competition, challenge,
and the use of certain skills. Also, any sport has a definite historical background.
Recreation is a voluntary activity that is beneficial to the participant; recreation, by its very nature, is
undertaken during leisure or free time.
Play is a spontaneous, enjoyable and natural activity that individuals engage in for its own sake. A child
must play to be able to learn.
Liability Educators have a legal responsibility for the welfare and safety of learners’ when they are in
their care.
Nutrients are essential to the functioning of our bodies. They are found in food and each nutrient has
different jobs to perform in the body. They consist of protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals,
water and fibre. Athletes need nutrients in their diet to perform at their best.
Indemnity the activity of protecting someone or something by having legal exemption from liability for
damages.
Negligence The failure to act as a reasonably careful person would act under circumstances, the failure
to act when there is a duty to act or by acting in an improper manner.
In loco parentis When the educator is expected to act like a diligent and sensible parent. Educators are
responsible for their learners’ well-being when their parents are absent.
2. Aims of physical education:
To develop the movement potentialities of each individual to an optimal level.
To develop a basic understanding and appreciation of human movement.
To develop skills, knowledge and attitudes, basic to voluntary participation in satisfying and enjoyable
physical recreation experiences.
To develop personally rewarding and socially acceptable behaviours through participation in enjoyable
movement activities.
To develop and maintain optimal individual muscular strength, muscular endurance and cardiovascular
endurance.
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3. Value and relationship between PE and Sport:
Physical Education
Includes the development of the child’s physical fitness, strength, flexibility and basic sport skills. It helps
develop the child physically, psychologically and socially. It takes place in the school set up. In preschool,
physical education is referred to as movement; it is in primary school that we first encounter the term "physical
education".
Sport
Is a human activity involving specific administrative organisations and a historical background of rules. It involves
competition or challenge and a definite outcome that is primarily determined by physical skill. It is characterised
by certain rules and common goals.
UNIT 2: THE HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND VALUE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
1. The development of sport and PE through the ages:
Primitive Society
Parents were first PE educators because they taught their children survival skills. Children had a natural urge to
play games. Life was very physical. The fundamental elements of a physical education programme were
established during this period and have continued unchallenged to this day.
Ancient civilisations
Greeks played games based on mythology and religious beliefs. They believed PE assisted the development of
the mind, body and soul. The Romans education system was directed to a military goal, focusing on manly
conduct with attention to physical ability. First ancient games were in 776 BCE where they practiced boxing.
Wrestling, archery and acrobatics (later know as Olympic Games). Philosophers believed PE contributed to
children’s intellectual development.
The Middle Ages
Sport came under the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. Physical games did not feature, however, men
needed to be trained as knights in horsemanship, archery, swimming etc. The dramatic development of sport in
England during this period was to have a significant influence on PE across the world.
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Reformation to Modern Times
The Industrial Revolution in Europe during 18th and 19th centuries saw the growth of sports which paved the way
for modern Olympics. In Europe sport was now part of daily life. Women were encouraged to take part in
physical education but only watched sporting games.
The Modern Era
Sport has been characterized by the increasing number of clubs and organisations round the world. Sport is
taken seriously, seen as a means of education and is used as a tool for changing behaviour, adapting character,
building unity and cooperation in a diverse population and as a tool for creating national loyalty. Sports coaching
has become more specialized.
2. Factors which influence the modern era of sport:
The following have been significant influences since the beginning of 19th century:
Secularism (sport is less linked to religious beliefs and rituals)
Equality for all (Men and woman and people from all classes have equal opportunities to participate)
Specialisation (more specialized equipment and training methods and athletes start to specialize at
young age).
Rationalisation and rules (Sport is controlled and regulated by rules)
Bureaucratisation (Sport as formal organisations: national, regional and local)
Qualifications (Measurements and stats are common, all events recorded according to time, distance,
score)
Records (Lots of emphasis is placed on setting up and breaking records)
Other factors with a major influence on development of sport and PE:
Rapid and widespread development of technology (More free time – humans less active – more screen
time – growing need for physical activity)
Long Working Hours (Parents spend less time playing with kids)
School timetable (Heavy workload of teachers so less time for coaching, educators lack skills so cause
more harm than good – lack of equipment)
Community and club involvement (Basic training for development is lacking – lack in finances)
Use of drugs in sports (Lure of gold medals and success have led to sports-enhancing drugs)
Development of media technology (People inspired to do sport after viewing it on TV)
Material values (More money for clubs, equipment and salaries for sportsman – losing enjoyment)
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3. Nature of sport:
Sport is universal and enjoys worldwide recognition
Playing games is a prominent part of sport
Sport captures the attention of billions of people
Sport is distinctly human activity and the concept of sport is very complex
Sport contributes to building human character and is a socializing force
Sport represents a particular method of expression within different cultures
Sport contains an element of competition
4. Value of sport to society:
Educational Value
Physical education provides learners with a means of self-expression.
Children learn to explore the environment and learn to express their feelings through creative
movement.
Children learn to better understand the value of socialising.
Children are given the opportunity to develop physically.
Understanding how to play games and sports can be achieved in the physical education programme.
Children are taught to enjoy physical activities in a variety of games.
Well-managed physical education programmes give you the opportunity to teach children the meaning
of sportsmanship.
Social Value for People
Individuals and groups mix freely across a broad spectrum and builds a sense of togetherness
It’s a fundamental human need and promotes growth, experience and knowledge.
It allows children to lose themselves in games and enjoy their activities.
Promotes health amongst communities, can counter juvenile delinquency, and promotes national
solidarity.
Psychological Value
Promotes a spirit of cooperation in the playing of team sport.
Promotes free participation among individuals and groups.
Promotes submission to authority and discipline of the law.
Can help relieve stress.
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