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Summary Grade 12 IEB Life science/biology strand 4 (Evolution): 4.2 (Fundamental aspects of evolution) R79,00
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Summary Grade 12 IEB Life science/biology strand 4 (Evolution): 4.2 (Fundamental aspects of evolution)

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This aesthetic, in-depth, neatly typed document summarises 4.2 of strand 4 (Evolution) of the IEB grade 12 mind action series textbook: Fundamental aspects of evolution. It includes the full 4.2 Fundamental aspects of evolution syllabus, as well as additional class notes, own research notes and all...

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  • January 14, 2023
  • 6
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

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Fundamental aspects of evolution:


Phylogeny: Scienti c study of evolutionary relationships among species (represented in phylogenic

tree)




Patterns represented in tree of life:

• Stasis/Equilibrium: lineages don't change for a long time

• Lineage-splitting (speciation):

- Cladogenesis: Evolutionary splitting event where parent species splits into 2 distinct species

(forms a clad): single branch on phylogenic tree

- Anagenesis: Ancestral species gradually changes and can eventually be labelled as new species

- Cladogenesis: Is more important in evolution than anagenesis. Cladogenesis associated with

macro-evolution. Anagenesis associated with micro-evolution




• Adaptive radiation: Burst of divergence from single lineage to give rise to many new species

- eg. 315 m.y.a, reptiles became terrestrial

- Similar rapid burst of diversi cation gave rise to birds

- After dinosaur extinction, mammalian explosion occurred

, • Extinction:

- Regular background extinctions (natural)

- Mass extinctions (catastrophic events)



Trends in macro-evolution:

• Increased complexity eg. prokaryotes to eukaryotes

• Increased body size eg. Horses & cranial capacity

• Evolving from marine habitats to terrestrial habitats



Rate of change in evolution:

• Gradualism: Species evolve by small changes over long time eg. evolution of humans

• Punctuated equilibrium: Speed at which evolution takes place

- Equilibrium alternated with short periods of time where rapid changes occurred through natural

selection

- As a result, new species formed in short periods of time

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