An in depth summary of all the concepts and content that will equip you for a distinction in FLG 327. These summaries include lecture notes and extra information from lectures. Studying solely off these notes will be enough for the exam and tests. These notes are all you need!
‐ Potential difference (-70mV) across the membrane of a resting neuron – i.e., begins at -
70mV
‐ Changes are caused by 3 events:
• Depolarisation: inside of membrane becomes less negative
• Repolarisation: membrane returns to its resting membrane potential
• Hyperpolarisation: inside of membrane becomes more negative than resting
potential
FLG 327 Alyssa Theron
,NERVOUS SYSTEM
‐ Master controlling & communicating system of the body
‐ Functions:
• Sensory input – monitoring stimuli occurring inside & outside body
• Integration – interpretation of sensory input
• Motor output – response to stimuli by activating effector organs
‐ Information sent
with afferent/ sensory pathway to brain where will find integration, conscious &
subconscious decisions will be made and information will be sent with efferent
pathways/ motor neurons to effectors
AFFERENT AND EFFERENT CNS CONNECTIONS
FLG 327 Alyssa Theron
,HISTOLOGY OF NERVE TISSUE
‐ 2 principal cell types of nervous system:
• Neurons – excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
• Supporting cells – cells that surround and wrap neurons
MYELIN SHEATH
‐ Whitish, fatty (protein-lipoid), segmented sheath around most long axons
‐ Functions to:
• Protect the axon
• Electrically insulate fibers from one another
• Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
CONDUCTION VELOCITIES OF AXONS
‐ Conduction velocities vary widely among neurons
‐ Rate of impulse propagation is determined by:
• Axon diameter – larger diameter = faster impulse
• Presence of myelin sheath – myelination increases impulse speed
FLG 327 Alyssa Theron
, TYPES OF SYNAPSES – NEURON CLASSIFICATION
‐ Structural:
• Multipolar – 3/ more processes
• Bipolar – 2 processes (axon & dendrite)
• Unipolar – single, short process
‐ Functional:
• Sensory (afferent) – transmit impulses towards CNS
• Motor (efferent) – carry impulses away from CNS
• Interneurons (association neurons) – shuttle signals through CNS pathways
GLIAL CELLS
‐ Glial cell – also known as supporting cells
‐ when answering in tests make sure to first indicate if cell is found in peripheral or
central nervous system
SYNAPSES
‐ junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron:
• to another neuron
• to an effector cell
‐ presynaptic neuron – conducts impulses towards synapse
‐ postsynaptic neuron – transmits impulses away from synapse
FLG 327 Alyssa Theron
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