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Attention
• State in which cognitive resources are
focused on certain aspects of the
environment
• Information enters the sensory register
• Attention important when utilizing cognitive
resources
Sustained Attention: ability to concentrate on a task without being distracted. Different
measures of sustained attention yield different patterns of change
Selective Attention: ability to concentrate on a task while there are other distracting stimuli
present.
Switching Attention: alternating attention between two or more tasks. Carry out two
different tasks, shifting them according to some rule or following a cue. This reflects
demands holding two sets of rules in working memory
Divided Attention: this is required when the individual must attend to and process more
than 1 source of information at same time
Executive Attention: include the planning of actions, allocating attention to goals,
detecting/compensating errors, monitoring tasks + dealing with new circumstances.
Theories of attention
Attention amount of attention
ability to distyribute
attention under
resources available to perform
cognitive task
control and delcines
with age
theory
Inhibitory ability to ignore/suppress
irrelevant info or stimuli
slower response with
extensive tasks
deficit theory and focus on RELEVANT
older adults lose
neurological decline in frontal lobe
functioning assoc with
accruacy and speed
to maintain control
approach funcitoning + planning
over att processes
INTELLIGENCE
• Ability to understand and solve problems or to have a vast knowledge base.
• Ability to adjust and learn from experience or logical/abstract thinking
• Intelligence serves as an element of a person’s sense of self.
Compiled, Revised and sold by Bronwyn de Sousa. DO NOT SHARE!!!
, O N E I N T E L L I G E N C E O R M A N Y ???
• IQ one entity or general intelligence factor
• Multifaceted or multiple intelligence approach argues that people can be intelligent
in different ways + everyday intelligent behaviour is an NB part of intelligence.
• Regarded to be special importance in multicultural society like SA
• Robert Sternberg developed triarchic theory of intelligence because he believed that
intelligence is more than what is measured by tests!!!
• He defines intelligence as skills/knowledge needed for success in life according to
own definition
3 types of intelligence
Analytical (componential) intelligence: refers to how a person
analyses information. Includes abstract thinking + logical reasoning.
Associates with traditional notion of intelligence and academic
achievement. (planning and strategy selection)
Creative (experiential) intelligence: person’s ability to generate new
ideas = to apply existing knowledge to new problems. Capacity to be
intellectually flexibility and creative.
Practical (contextual or tacit) intelligence: concerns with how a
person reacts to the environment. Involves people’s ability to adapt
or shape their environments to make it more acceptable. Ability to
thrive in real world
• Gardener views intelligence as bio-psychological ability to process information to
solve problems or create products that are value in culture.
Type of intelligence Examples
Linguistic ability Reading comprehension and writing
Logical- mathematical Abstract thinking/reasoning skills/ solving math’s problems
Spatial intelligence Understand relationships between objects
Musical intelligence Sensitivity to sound patterns and compose music
Bodily- kinaesthetic Skills at dancing or athletics
Interpersonal intelligence Social skills and sensitivity to others’ emotions
Intrapersonal intelligence Self-understanding
Naturalistic intelligence Understanding patterns in natural world
FLUID+CRYSTALLISED INTELLIGENCE
• Raymond Cattell
• Intellectual tasks make use of general intellectual ability, but they use more
specialized skills
Compiled, Revised and sold by Bronwyn de Sousa. DO NOT SHARE!!!
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