Unit 10 - Biological Molecules and Metabolic Pathways
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
UNIT 10: Explore the effect of activity on respiration in humans, learning aim B.
BTEC/CTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma in Applied Science
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Unit 10 - Biological Molecules and Metabolic Pathways
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Fatima Abdallah
Biology 10B
Explore the effect of activity on respiration in humans and factors that can affect respiratory
pathways
Respiration produces ATP
Cells are made from living organisms that carry out activities and processes to survive, these
activities require energy and usable carbon compounds. Cells primarily use glucose for respiratory
substrate.
Aerobic respiration is the assembly of ATP using oxygen, respiratory substrates are broken down.
There are four stages and each stage transpire in a specific location in a eukaryotic cell:
Stage Description Location
1)Glycolysis Splitting of glucose + phosphorylation Cell cytoplasm
2) Link reaction Dehydrogenation of pyruvate and decarboxylation Matrix of mitochondria
3) Krebs cycle Enzyme controlled reaction cycle pathway Matrix of mitochondria
4) Oxidative Creation of ATP from oxidation of hydrogen atoms Inner membrane of
phosphorylation mitochondria
1) Glycolysis
This is the first stage which occurs in the cytoplasm and it involves: retaining the glucose inside the
cell via phosphorylating the molecule and dividing a glucose molecule into two. This produces: 2
pyruvate (3C) molecules, net gain 2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD.
, Fatima Abdallah
Biology 10B
The final product of glycolysis, pyruvate, holds chemical energy that can be advanced and used in
respiration to creat extra ATP. When oxygen is ready, pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix and
aerobic respiration to proceed. After pyruvate enters, it travels down the double membrane of the
mitochondria through active transport which requires transport protein and a bit of ATP. When it
reaches the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate works in the link reaction.
2) Link Reaction
This reaction works in the matrix of the mitochondria and it links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. The
link reaction starts off with pyruvate being oxidised by enzymes to create acetate (CH3CO(O)) and
carbon dioxide that is needed to reduce NAD into NADH. Eventually, coenzyme A forms a reaction to
create acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) to supply he Krebs cycle where aerobic reactions are
completed. Coenzyme A is a molecule which aids enzymes to function. Coenzyme is made up of
nucleoside and a vitamins. Two molecules of pyruvate also creates two NADH molecules. ATP is not
formed in the link reaction but the product, coenzyme A made here and the NADH molecules made
in the link reaction are used to be able to produce ATP in the next cycle (Krebs cycle).
3) Krebs cycle
This cycle is a series of enzyme controlled reactions that is, the formation of the 6 carbon compound
is also known as citric acid which is released from acetate CoA. First, The two carbon (2C) Acetyl CoA
enters the circular pathway after the Link reaction in the glucose metabolism. Next, the 4 carbon
(4C) oxaloacetate takes in the 2C acetyl from the acetyl CoA to create the 6C citrate. Which is then
converted back into oxaloacetate via redox reactions. Every acetate molecule that is produced also
produces one ATP molecules. This means That every glucose molecule production also create 2
pyruvate molecules and every pyruvate molecule then forms one acetate molecules. In summary 2
acetate molecules are responsible for creating each molecule of glucose. The Krebs cycle results two
times whenever a glucose molecule is created meaning that two ATP molecules are former per
glucose molecules. It also creates 6 NADH molecules per glucose and two FADH2 molecules per
glucose. The production of NADH and FADH molecules indirectly created ATP which work as electron
carries to link to the final electron transfer chain cycle. Decreased NAD produces around 3 ATP per
molecule and reduced FAD produces 2 ATP for each molecule created. This is because glucose is
transformed into 2 more pyruvate, the link reaction and the Krebs cycle occurs twice per glucose
molecule.
4) Electron Transport Chain
This is the last step of respiration and transpires within the inner membrane of the mitochondria
which plays Within its benefit as the multiple folds inside the magic Andrea increases the surface
area for electron transport chain. First the reduced nad molecules combine to the large protein
complex inside the mitochondria and release hydrogen atoms in the form of protons and electrons
back into the matrix of the mitochondria. The reduced NAD Is then re used to be turned back into
NADHR which is to be used over for glycolysis, the link reaction and Krebs cycle. From the Krebs
cycle sads molecules produced there combined to a second large protein complex and just like the
NADH molecules, hydrogen atoms is released as protons and electrons into the matrix of the
mitochondria. These hydrogen atoms remain in the mitochondria while they wait for the electrons
to pass along the protein complexes this is the electron transfer chain.
This cycle produces lots of ATP around 30 molecules for each glucose molecule that is respired.
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