Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - Correct answerFocusing on Cellular Structure and Function - Correct answerThe Normal Cell Cycle - Correct answer--The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these process...
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ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certificate Exam With 100% Correct Answers 2023 Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage - Correct answer - Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function - Correct answer - The Normal Cell Cycle - Correct answer --The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphas e and Mitotic Phase - Correct answer -Cell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: - Correct answer -Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - Correct answer --cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA -Length of time is variable, ca n be from hours to days Synthesis Phase (S phase) - Correct answer --DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids) -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2 -10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) - Correct answer --Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30 -60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - Correct answer --G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase Restriction Point - Correct answer --The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0 -G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return G0 Phase (resting phase) - Correct answer --After mitosis, cells may enter bac k into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in the human body reside in G0 -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - Correct answer --
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract Cell Cycling Time - Correct answer -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis Cell cycle video and image - Correct answer -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation_
_how_the_cell_cycle_works.html Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - Correct answer --The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell divisi on can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is contr olled through two proteins: - Correct answer -
1. cyclines (D, E, A, B) 2. Cyclin -dependent kinases (CDKs) -Cyclin -CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - Correct a nswer --(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6 -Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2 -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2 -G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A -Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B Inhibitory proteins - Correct answer --prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53) DNA Damage Checkpoints - Correct answer --If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop divi ding or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) -The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well -understood inhibitory proteins (IP) Inhibitory proteins p53 - Correct answer --Levels of this IP regulate several important target g enes -Will increase when DNA damage is present -Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation -sometimes called the "suicide gene" M Phase Checkpoints - Correct answer -When the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the mitotic spind le. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue Immunity - Correct answer -
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