CMY1502 new study notes have been created to provide an easier understanding for this module. These notes also include a table of contents to make searching for specific topics more convenient. Additionally, the notes offer definitions and key concepts, as well as summaries of the entire study modu...
CMY1502:
Introduction to Criminology:
Victims and Reduction
NEW Study Notes:
Definitions
Key Concepts
Summaries for
Units 1-3
Visual Summary
included
(Created 2023)
, CMY1502 Easy to study notes on each Unit 1-3
(Created 2023) Searchable!
Contents
THEME 1: General Introduction to victims of crime Victims of crime: definition and problems
related to victimization 3 paradigms of victomology: .............................................................. 4
• define the concept ‘‘crime victim’’. .............................................................................. 4
• give an overview of key concepts relating to the definition of the concept ‘‘crime
victim’’, such as the positivist and radical approaches. ...................................................... 5
• identify problems experienced by crime victims .......................................................... 5
• describe a general profile of crime victims (social and demographic characteristics of
victims).............................................................................................................................. 6
• Problems that crime victims experience...................................................................... 6
• 1.1.5.1 Physical loss ................................................................................................... 6
• 1.1.5.2 Economic loss ................................................................................................ 6
• 1.1.5.3 Emotional/psychological loss .......................................................................... 7
• 1.1.5.4 Social loss ...................................................................................................... 7
• There are three paradigms of victimology under which the concept ‘‘victim’’ may be
defined namely: ................................................................................................................. 7
• The three paradigms of victimology are: ..................................................................... 8
• 4 stages of victimizations ............................................................................................ 8
• Problems crime victims experience ............................................................................ 9
GENERAL PROFILE OF CRIME VICTIMS ......................................................................... 10
• Social and demographic characteristics of victims .................................................... 10
• Social and demographic characteristics of victims .................................................... 11
THEME 2: Victim Vulnerability, Specific Categories of Victims and Victim Empowerment
demonstrate a logical understanding and insight of victim vulnerability, the specific
categories of victims who are particularly vulnerable to crime; and be able to unpack the
victim support and empowerment initiatives. ....................................................................... 12
• Victim vulnerability, specific categories of victims and victim empowerment Victim
vulnerability defined as the likelihood of a person becoming a victim of crime. ................ 12
• Define the concept ‘crime victim’ .............................................................................. 13
• Provide an overview of the approaches that relate to the concept of ‘crime victim’,
such as the positivist and radical approaches ................................................................. 13
• Identify problems experienced by crime victims ........................................................ 13
• Describe a general profile of crime victims in terms of the social and demographic
characteristics of victims ................................................................................................. 13
• Define the concept ‘victim vulnerability’ .................................................................... 14
• Provide an overview of key concepts related to victim vulnerability about the
precipitating and facilitating factors, the attractiveness of the target, and the lifestyle and
the interaction between the victim and the offender ......................................................... 15
1
, • Describe specific categories of victims, such as children, youthful victims, women and
elderly victims who are particularly vulnerable to crime ................................................... 15
• Provide the definitions and the aims of victim support and victim empowerment ...... 16
• Describe the Charter of Victim Rights ....................................................................... 16
• Outline the different victim support models ............................................................... 17
• Explain the services available to victims of crime ..................................................... 17
• Sketch a proposed model for victim support in South Africa ..................................... 17
Specific categories of victims who are particularly vulnerable to crime ................................ 18
• 2.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 18
• 2.2.2 Key concepts ................................................................................................... 18
• 2.2.3 Children as vulnerable victims ......................................................................... 18
• 2.2.4 Youth as victims of crime ................................................................................. 18
• 2.2.5 Women as victims of crime .............................................................................. 18
• 2.2.6 Elderly victims of crime .................................................................................... 18
• 2.2.7 Conclusion....................................................................................................... 18
• Children as vulnerable victims .................................................................................. 19
• Youth as victims of crime .......................................................................................... 20
• There are several other factors that could contribute to the youth becoming victims of
crime. Some of these factors include:.............................................................................. 20
• Women as victims of crime ....................................................................................... 21
• why women seem to tolerate abuse and victimisation. Summarise your views on why
women stay in an abusive relationship ............................................................................ 21
• Summary: Women as victims of crime ...................................................................... 22
• Elderly victims of crime ............................................................................................. 22
• Consider the facts and discuss why you think the elderly are being victimised ......... 23
VICTIM SUPPORT AND VICTIM EMPOWERMENT........................................................... 23
• Definitions and aims of victim support and empowerment: ....................................... 24
• The victim’s response to crime: ................................................................................ 24
• The victim and the criminal justice system: ............................................................... 24
• Victim support:.......................................................................................................... 24
• Victim empowerment: ............................................................................................... 24
• The Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy (VEP): .................................................. 25
• The Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa (The Victims’ Charter): ..... 25
• Different victim support models: ............................................................................... 25
• Current services available to the victims of crime: .................................................... 25
• Key concepts ............................................................................................................ 25
• Definitions and aims of victim support and empowerment ........................................ 26
• The Victim’s response to crime ................................................................................. 26
• The victim and the criminal justice system ................................................................ 27
2
, • Victim support........................................................................................................... 27
• Victim empowerment ................................................................................................ 27
• Integrated Victim Empowerment Policy (VEP) .......................................................... 27
• The Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa .......................................... 28
• Various victim support models .................................................................................. 28
• The Care Model:....................................................................................................... 29
• The Criminal Justice Model: ..................................................................................... 29
• The Prevention Model: ............................................................................................. 29
• Current services available to the victims of crime ..................................................... 30
• Current services available to victims of crime in South Africa include: ...................... 30
THEME 3: Crime Prevention and Deduction ....................................................................... 32
• Key concepts ............................................................................................................ 32
• Historical development of crime prevention and control ............................................ 32
• Factors that are crucial to successful crime prevention ............................................. 33
• Various crime prevention approaches ...................................................................... 33
• The social crime prevention model ........................................................................... 33
• Limiting opportunities for crime ................................................................................. 34
• The community-based crime prevention model ........................................................ 34
• The biophysical prevention model ............................................................................ 35
• The psychological crime prevention model ............................................................... 35
• Integrated crime prevention models.......................................................................... 35
• Multi-factor approach ................................................................................................ 36
• Integrated Crime Prevention: specific crimes ............................................................ 37
• Integrated Crime Prevention: Crime prevention and control by means of the criminal
justice system ................................................................................................................. 37
• Successful crime prevention programmes ................................................................ 37
• illustrate systematic knowledge of the prevention and the reduction of crime in South
Africa............................................................................................................................... 38
• Define the various crime prevention or reduction approaches .................................. 39
• Provide an overview of the main premises of the South African Crime Prevention
Strategy .......................................................................................................................... 39
• Describe the objectives and proposed programmes of the four crime prevention pillars
40
• Explain the objectives of punishment........................................................................ 40
• Outline the penal objectives related to crime prevention or reduction ....................... 40
• Pronounce the specific contributions of rehabilitation, individual and general
deterrence and incapacitation with regards to the prevention or reduction of crime ......... 40
THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGY ............................ 41
• Key concepts ............................................................................................................ 41
3
, • Objectives of the National Crime Prevention Strategy .............................................. 41
• Basic premises of the National Crime Prevention Strategy ....................................... 41
• Implementation of the South African National Crime Prevention Strategy................. 42
• The four crime prevention pillars or models .............................................................. 43
• Pillar 1: Integrated criminal justice ............................................................................ 43
• Pillar 2: Crime prevention by means of environmental control and design ................ 43
• Pillar 3: Promotion of community values and education ............................................ 43
• Pillar 4: Prevention of transnational crimes ............................................................... 43
Prevention of crime through punishment: Objectives of punishment ................................... 44
• Key concepts ............................................................................................................ 44
• Objectives of Punishment: ........................................................................................ 44
• Deterrence: .............................................................................................................. 44
• Incapacitation: .......................................................................................................... 44
• Rehabilitation:........................................................................................................... 45
• Restitution: ............................................................................................................... 45
• Retribution: ............................................................................................................... 45
• Deterrence: .............................................................................................................. 45
• Incapacitation: .......................................................................................................... 45
Other forms of punishment .............................................................................................. 45
THEME 1: General Introduction to victims of crime Victims of crime: definition
and problems related to victimization 3 paradigms of victomology:
define the concept ‘‘crime victim’’.
The concept of a "crime victim" refers to an individual or group that has been directly
or indirectly harmed by criminal activity. This harm can take many forms, such as
physical injury, emotional trauma, financial loss, or damage to property.
An example of a crime victim could be someone who has been physically assaulted
or mugged, someone whose house has been broken into and their belongings
stolen, or someone who has been scammed out of their money. It could also include
someone who witnessed a crime and was traumatized by the experience. In all
cases, the victim has been directly or indirectly harmed by the criminal activity.
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