Psychology notes based on the textbook "Psychology and introduction" the 4th edition by L. Swartz, C. De la Rey, N. Duncan, L Townsend, Vivien O'Neill. This document is about the topic of Substance abuse and psychopharmacology.
Terminology
• Substance misuse: Substance use which results in adverse consequences that are not
recurrent (e.g. single drunken-driving charge)
• Substance abuse: Maladaptive pattern of substance use that has significant negative
consequences and is recurrent (being late for work repeatedly due to a hangover from
alcohol abuse the previous night)
• Substance dependence: Cluster of cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms
indicating compulsive substance use despite significant substance related problems.
(Alcoholism)
• Addiction: A primary chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related
circuitry, involves craving, an inability to abstain, reduced ability to recognize problems in
behaviour and relationships and problematic emotional response.
• Drug dependence: Physical and/or psychological dependence. In physical dependence the
individual must maintain a certain level of drug in his/her bloodstream to function
effectively. Not taking the drug will result in withdrawal and a compulsive need to find and
use the drug-induced sense of well-being. Psychological dependence refers to the craving
for positive feelings associated with the drug
• Cross-dependence: Type of drug dependency where people develop a dependency on a
drug that was initially used to relieve the withdrawal symptoms caused by ceasing
(stopping) another drug
• Drug tolerance: Need to consume increasing amounts of the drug to experience the
desired effect.
• Metabolic tolerance: Need for higher dosages of a drug to achieve the same
psychopharmacological effects as before due to the liver accelerating the rate at which
these drugs are decomposed.
• Pharmacodynamic tolerance: Greater dosages of a drug is needed due to cellular
adaptation and reduced receptor sensitivity.
• Cross-tolerance: Reduced response to a drug because of previous exposure to another
drug in the same family.
• Drug potency: The absolute minimum of a drug that is required to achieve a desired effect
• Drug efficacy: The ability of the drug to achieve the desired therapeutic effect
• Drug dose: The quality or volume of drug that is administered
• Effective dose: Dose of the drug that has been determined to produce the desired effect in
the majority of people with the fewest possible side effects.
, Causes of substance use and disorders
• Aetiology: Causes of disorders and diseases
• Multiple causes
Risk and resilience among adolescents
Theories look at: Individual, interpersonal and environmental factors as causes
Risk and resilience approach
• There are multiple factors that increase susceptibility of an adolescent’s risk for substance
disorders
o Environmental
o Behavioural
• The more risk factors are present; the higher the risk for developing a substance abuse
disorder.
• Risk is mediated by protective factors that provide resilience to withstand pressures of
risky environments
• Risk factors predict likelihood of vulnerability. Protective factors predict decreased
likelihood of vulnerability in high risk environments.
Risk and resilience approach model.
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