Uitgebreide samenvatting van het vak veranderingsmanagement. Achteraan is de essentie (grote kaders uit de les) samengevat in 11 pg (ongeveer 1 kader per blad). Tip: lees de samenvatting grondig en studeer de essentie! Ik haalde hiermee 16/20 op het examen
Volgende teksten werden samengevat:
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Hoofdstuk 1: Waarom veranderen zo gecompliceerd is ........................................................ 7
1. Introductie ..................................................................................................... 7
2. Over losse koppelingen (Karl Weick) ..................................................................... 8
Ambiguïteiten in organisaties (organisatieniveau) ....................................................................8
Losse koppeling tussen opvattingen en gedrag (individueel niveau) ...............................................8
Vuilnisvatvorming (groepsniveau) ........................................................................................9
Implicaties voor veranderaars en verandertrajecten .................................................................9
3. Over managen en gemanaged worden .................................................................. 10
Autonome medewerkers en hiërarchische managers................................................................ 10
Oerconflict ................................................................................................................. 11
Pocket veto ................................................................................................................ 11
Implicaties voor veranderaars en verandertrajecten ............................................................... 11
4. Over chaosdenken ........................................................................................... 12
Dynamisch evenwicht .................................................................................................... 12
Autonome ontwikkeling .................................................................................................. 13
Structurele spanning en structurele conflicten ...................................................................... 15
Implicaties voor veranderaars en verandertrajecten ............................................................... 15
5. Sociopolitieke mechanismen (de ‘onzichtbare wereld’) ............................................ 16
Actietheorie en macht ................................................................................................... 16
Informele organisatie .................................................................................................... 16
Economische uitwisseling in groepen .................................................................................. 17
Implicaties voor veranderaars en verandertrajecten ............................................................... 17
6. Over fixaties (stagnatie in het ontwikkelingsproces) ................................................ 17
Gemene problemen ....................................................................................................... 17
Ontwikkelingspatronen in groepen ..................................................................................... 18
Vergiftigde emoties en verwaarlozing ................................................................................. 19
Implicaties voor veranderaars en verandertrajecten ............................................................... 20
7. Vijf groepen mechanismen vol irrationaliteit ......................................................... 20
Historiek van een onderzoeksdomein: voorlopers van veranderingsmanagement ....................... 23
1. Frederick Taylor: Scientific management .............................................................. 23
2. The Hawthorne Studies .................................................................................... 23
3. Industrial psychology ....................................................................................... 24
4. Survey feedback ............................................................................................. 25
5. Sensitiviteitstraining / T-groepen ........................................................................ 25
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, 6. Sociotechnisch systeem .................................................................................... 26
7. Organisatieontwikkeling ................................................................................... 26
8. Het managementrooster (managerial grid) en organisatieontwikkeling ......................... 27
9. Dwang en confrontatie ..................................................................................... 27
10. Ontstaan management consulting ........................................................................ 28
11. Conclusies ..................................................................................................... 28
Les 2: Organisatieverandering begrijpen: introductie van dragende concepten en kaders ............ 29
1. Theorieen en modellen voor organisatieverandering................................................ 29
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 29
Evolutionaire modellen .................................................................................................. 30
Assumpties .............................................................................................................. 30
Kern activiteiten of individuen ...................................................................................... 30
Voor – en nadelen ...................................................................................................... 30
Teleologische benadering ............................................................................................... 31
Assumpties .............................................................................................................. 31
Kernactiviteiten of individuen ....................................................................................... 31
Voor – en nadelen ...................................................................................................... 31
Levenscyclus ............................................................................................................... 32
Assumpties .............................................................................................................. 32
Kernactiviteiten of individuen ....................................................................................... 33
Voor – en nadelen ...................................................................................................... 33
Dialectische benadering (of politieke benadering) .................................................................. 34
Assumpties .............................................................................................................. 34
Kernactiviteiten of individuen ....................................................................................... 34
Voor – en nadelen ...................................................................................................... 35
Sociale cognitie ........................................................................................................... 35
Assumpties .............................................................................................................. 35
Kernactiviteiten of individuen ....................................................................................... 36
Voor – en nadelen ...................................................................................................... 36
Culturele benadering ..................................................................................................... 37
Assumpties .............................................................................................................. 37
Kernactiviteiten of individuen ....................................................................................... 38
Voor – en nadelen ...................................................................................................... 38
Verschillende modellen .................................................................................................. 39
2. Een geintegreerde benadering van organisatieverandering ........................................ 41
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 41
3
, Lewin’s veranderingsmodel ............................................................................................. 41
Actieonderzoek model ................................................................................................... 42
Positieve model ........................................................................................................... 43
Vergelijking van de 3 modellen ......................................................................................... 44
Geïntegreerd model voor geplande verandering ..................................................................... 45
Fase 1: Binnenkomen en contracten opmaken .................................................................... 45
Fase 2: Diagnose stellen .............................................................................................. 45
Fase 3: Plannen en verandering implementeren .................................................................. 45
Fase 4: Evalueren en verandering institutionaliseren ............................................................ 46
Variatie in (verschijnings)vormen van organisatieontwikkeling (verschillende types van geplande
verandering) ............................................................................................................... 46
1 Omvang van de verandering ........................................................................................ 46
2 Mate waarin de organisatie georganiseerd is (organisatiegraad) ............................................. 46
3 Culturele context .................................................................................................... 47
Bedenkingen bij (verschijnings)vormen van organisatieontwikkeling ............................................ 47
Samengevat ................................................................................................................ 48
3. Denken over veranderen in 5 kleuren .................................................................. 49
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 49
Veranderingsstrategieën en benaderingen............................................................................ 50
Vijf hoofdbetekenissen van het woord veranderen ................................................................. 51
Geeldrukdenken ........................................................................................................ 51
Blauwdrukdenken ...................................................................................................... 52
Rooddrukdenken........................................................................................................ 54
Groendrukdenken ...................................................................................................... 55
Witdrukdenken ......................................................................................................... 57
2 nevenkleuren ............................................................................................................ 58
Casus: Joseph en Johanna ............................................................................................... 59
Les 3: Veranderstrategieën en interventies selecteren: de organisatie als vertrekpunt ............... 60
1. Wat werkt bij veranderen? Focus op duurzame verandering...................................... 60
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 60
Wat is het probleem? ..................................................................................................... 61
Wat is duurzaamheid? .................................................................................................... 61
De dans van verandering ................................................................................................. 61
Verandering verankeren: Kotters 8 stappenmodel .................................................................. 62
Verandering institutionaliseren ......................................................................................... 63
De beste praktijken in stand houden .................................................................................. 64
4
, Duurzaamheid van Total Quality Management (Dale) ............................................................... 64
Momentumbrekers ........................................................................................................ 65
Proces van duurzaamheid in de context .............................................................................. 65
Naar 1 model .............................................................................................................. 66
11 factoren voor duurzame verandering ........................................................................... 66
Proces van duurzaamheid in de context ............................................................................ 69
2. Veranderkwadraten van Berenschot .................................................................... 70
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 70
Kern van aanbevelingen die altijd waar zijn ......................................................................... 70
Betrokkenheid medewerkers bij verandering: niet altijd de beste keuze ....................................... 70
Vier strategieën / veranderkwadranten ............................................................................... 71
De platitudes voorbij: wat leren we hieruit? ......................................................................... 72
3. Voorbeelden van interventies (open boek) ............................................................ 74
Gele interventies.......................................................................................................... 74
Blauwe interventies ...................................................................................................... 75
Rode interventies ......................................................................................................... 76
Groene interventies ...................................................................................................... 77
Witte interventies ........................................................................................................ 78
Les 4: psychologische processen bij verandering – het individu als vertrekpunt ......................... 80
1. Cynisme begrijpen en ermee omgaan ................................................................... 80
2. Veranderingsstrategieen kiezen.......................................................................... 84
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 84
Weerstand diagnosticeren ............................................................................................... 84
Methoden om met weerstand om te gaan ............................................................................ 86
Educatie & communicatie ............................................................................................ 86
Participatie & betrokkenheid ........................................................................................ 86
Faciliteren & ondersteunen .......................................................................................... 86
Onderhandelen & overeenkomen .................................................................................... 86
Manipulatie en coöptatie ............................................................................................. 86
Expliciet en impliciet afdwingen .................................................................................... 87
Een strategie kiezen ...................................................................................................... 88
Praktijktips: implicaties voor de veranderaar ........................................................................ 89
3. Weerstand bij verandering: theorie linken aan praktijk ............................................ 90
Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 90
Wat is weerstand tegen organisatieverandering? .................................................................... 90
Welke invloed hebben persoonlijkheidskenmerken? ................................................................ 91
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, Wat zijn de belangrijkste bezorgdheden van mensen bij het aankondigen van verandering? ................ 92
Invloed van het veranderingsproces op weerstand .................................................................. 92
Invloed van relatie tussen manager en medewerker / managementstijl ........................................ 93
Richtlijnen voor de praktijk gekoppeld aan de theorie ............................................................. 94
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