These summaries include everything you will need to know for the Life sciences Final exam on life at the molecular and cellular level chapter. It includes explanations on Meiosis, Mitosis, DNA, RNA, Transcription, Translation, and a complete study guide on genetics and genetic engineering. With hel...
polygenic inheritance Gametic mutations : occurs in reproductive organs
✗ produce changes to genes in gametes
more than responsible for a
-
1 pair of alleles -
Also known as germ
-
line mutations
single trait lead to variation
-
- more complex =
interaction of
many diff -
Eventually new species may evolve through
speciation
-
each having a small individual effect on the also lead to hereditary diseases
_
may
offspring resulting in a
range of phenotypes
fontinuous Variation :
Neutral mutations
characteristic
-
the more pairs that control a -
DO not affect the life of organism
,
the greater no OF possible characteristics visible
-
.
some not
✗ greater variety of phenotypes physical features
.
However some do change
but not seriously affecting functioning
-
Each phenotype di ers slightly from next
G. = continuous variation
Beneficial mutations
ominous variation =
graduations of a -
some mutations result in change of
phenotype ,
characteristic in a phenotype If change is favourable they will survive ✗
breed m o re successfully = Natural selection
in time whole pop will have new genoty.be
-
↓
g- ene mutations speciation
-
A mutation is a sudden change in the -
Due to rabid reproduction rate .
beneficial
genetic make up of an organism mutations occur most often in Viruses ✗ Bacteria
g.
-
Results from change in sequence of
-
Example : mutation of pale form of peppered
nucleotides causing change in info moth to a dark form Due to industrial
the gene gives to cell revolution
Mutagens Harmful mutations
-
factors that increase rate of h Utations -
mutated genes can cause disease
•
-
microorganisms
autosomal = relates to chromosome that are
not sex chromosomes
feet -
Heterozygous parent each have 1 normal
copy of gene ✗ one mutated Coby
somatic mutations :
occurs in body cells ✗ not
transmitted to next gen recessive exhibit the disorder
-
Homozygous
-
cause cells to become malignant ✗ result as both gene copies are non
-
functional / mutated
in cancer a c o r re c t gene ,
a protein is
missing
, Albinism genomes
A rare group of inherited genetic disorders A complete set of genetic instructions
that cause skin hair iris to have little or no nececary to create an
organism
, ,
colour due to partial ab sense of melanin
-
caused by a mutation
-
Nearly every somatic cell has a complete
of one on several copy of a genome
autosomal genes that -
Each species has a unique genome
Produce or distribute
melanin .
-
shows a pattern of
Human genome Project
recessive monohybrid inheritance
-
mutated allele can pass down generations ✗ HCTP is a international scientific research
be expressed in phenotype If who 's to
only project goal was :
both parents have mutated gene
-
Determine sequence of chemical base brains
car rier =
has a recessive allele ✗ a dominant that make DNA
up
allele in each cell i. has normal phenotype
,
-
identify ✗ map all the genes of the human
genome from a physical ✗ functional
Life with Albinism point of view
Not usually life threatening have discovered
more than 1800 genes been
-
_
Skin cancer
-
vulnerable to sun ✗
•
BRCAZ ( breast cancer ]
-
working outside impossible
-
APO -
EZ 1 Alzheimers )
- shunned discriminated ✗ mocked by peers
,
-
some believe it is a curse
-
many ethi at ✗ legal issues have arisen
lives due to prejudice
-
many lead lonely since genome
human was
sequenced
Genetic counselling -
By studying family tree
counsellor may be able to predict whether
it is likely having a child with albinism
single Nucleotide polymorphisms
-
SNP are genetic variations in DNA sequence that
occur when a Nucleotide subbed for another
Nucleotide
-
They are point mutations that occur in big
propor tion of pop .
-
occur throughout genome
-
most commonly found in non -
coding DNA
between genes
'
Act as Biological markers helping scientists
locate genes associated with disease .
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