1.1 In Erikson's psychosocial theory, human development is described as a series of stages that individuals pass through,
with each stage representing a different developmental task or crisis. These stages are based on the Western perspective anemphasize the importance of individual autonomy and i...
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, QUESTION 1
1.1 In what way does the African perspective on human development differ from Erikson’s
psychosocial theory? (4)
1.1 In Erikson's psychosocial theory, human development is described as a series of stages that individuals pass through,
with each stage representing a different developmental task or crisis. These stages are based on the Western perspective an
emphasize the importance of individual autonomy and identity formation. However, the African perspective on human
development differs in several ways:
1 The African perspective places a stronger emphasis on communal and collective values rather than individualistic ones. I
African societies, the well-being and development of the community are considered crucial, and individuals are seen as
interconnected with their social groups. This contrasts with Erikson's theory, which focuses more on individual
achievement and personal identity.
2 African perspectives often recognize the role of ancestors and lineage in shaping an individual's development. Ancestral
beliefs and rituals are significant aspects of African cultures, and individuals are seen as part of a larger lineage that extend
beyond their own lifetime. Erikson's theory does not explicitly address the influence of ancestral beliefs on human
development.
3 African perspectives may also place greater importance on the spiritual and metaphysical dimensions of human existence
Spirituality and belief in the invisible world are integral to many African societies, influencing socialization and identity
formation. Erikson's theory does not specifically consider the role of spirituality in human development.
Overall, the African perspective on human development differs from Erikson's psychosocial theory by emphasizing
communal values, the role of ancestors, and the influence of spirituality and the invisible world.
1.2 How does spirituality and belief in the invisible world influence socialisation and identity
formation in African societies?
Spirituality and belief in the invisible world play significant roles in shaping socialization and identity
(4) formation in
African societies. African cultures often have rich spiritual traditions that emphasize a deep connection with the
supernatural, ancestors, and the spiritual realm. These beliefs and practices influence various aspects of social life,
including socialization processes and individual identity formation.
1. Communalism and Interconnectedness: African spirituality often promotes a strong sense of communalism and
interconnectedness. It emphasizes the idea that individuals are part of a larger community and are connected to their
ancestors and spiritual beings. This communal perspective influences socialization by emphasizing the importance of
collective values, social harmony, and cooperation within the community.
1.4 A characteristic of adolescent peer group relationships is an increase in conformity. Define
conformity, and discuss the three main types of conformity. (7)
Conformity refers to the tendency of individuals to adjust their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in order to match the
standards and expectations of a social group. In the context of adolescent peer group relationships, there is often an increas
in conformity as young people strive to fit in and be accepted by their peers. This desire for social acceptance and
belonging can lead adolescents to conform to the norms, values, and behaviors of their peer group.
There are three main types of conformity:
Compliance
Identification
Internalization
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