Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Coursebook with CD-ROM
Extensively and thoroughly organised list of all organic reactions required in the latest CIE A2 Chemistry syllabus. A must-have revision tool that helped me gain an A* in Chemistry in the final A Levels massively.
⏣ -25–60oC
-refluxed
H+ + HSO4- → H2SO4
-excess nitration → NO2
at position 3/5
-at >60oC w/ ⏣CH3 →
NO2 at positions 2,4,6
-steamy white fumes
-electrophile formed by:
CH3Cl + AlCl3 → CH2+ +
alkylbenzenes [AlCl4]-
Friedel-Crafts chloroalkanes ( CH3 -AlCl3 cat. -cat. restored by:
alkylation (CH3Cl)
⏣ )
HCl -heated H+ + [AlCl4]- → HCl +
AlCl3
-further alkylation can
occur as reaction
proceeds
-w/ ⏣CH3 → alkyl at
position 2/4
, Electrophilic substitution -steamy white fumes
-electrophile formed by:
CH3COCl + AlCl3 →
aromatic ketones CH3C+O + [AlCl4]-
Friedel-Crafts acyl chlorides ( COCH3 HCl -AlCl3 cat. -cat. restored by:
acylation (CH3COCl)
⏣ )
-heated H+ + [AlCl4]- → HCl +
AlCl3
-w/ ⏣CH3 → ketone
group at position 2/4
-steamy white fumes
CH2X -UV light -decolourises
Free radical substitution Cl2/Br2
⏣ HCl -boiled -w/ excess X2 → all H
atoms on alkyl chain
replaced by X
COOH -alkyl side-chains of any
Oxidation (hot) KMnO4/OH- then dil.
HCl ⏣ H2O -heated
-refluxed
length oxidised to
benzoic acid
sodium phenoxide
Na ( O-Na+ H2 -molten phenol used -vigourous
⏣ )
-bubbling
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