Een samenvatting gemaakt aan de hand van de cursus en de powerpoints. Bij elk hoofdstuk staan de leerdoelen vermeld, dus wat je moet kennen voor het examen. De theorie wordt meestal met een voorbeeld verduidelijkt.
Psychologische thema’s
Hoofdstuk 1: Psychologie en haar methoden.........................................................................................6
2. Methoden in de psychologie..........................................................................................................6
2.1 Wetenschappelijke kennis........................................................................................................6
2.2 Beschrijven van gedrag.............................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Vragenlijst..........................................................................................................................7
2.2.2 Gevalstudie of case study..................................................................................................7
2.2.3 Test....................................................................................................................................7
2.2.4 Observatie..........................................................................................................................7
2.3 Verklaren van gedrag................................................................................................................8
2.3.1 De experimentele methode...............................................................................................8
2.3.2 Correlationele methode (kunnen herkennen en verklaren)..............................................8
3. Besluit.............................................................................................................................................9
Hoofdstuk 2: Leerprocessen.................................................................................................................10
1. Klassieke conditionering...............................................................................................................10
1.1 Het experiment van Pavlov.....................................................................................................11
1.1.1 Wat is er aan de hand met de hond?...............................................................................11
1.1.2 Wat leren we uit het experiment van Pavlov...................................................................12
1.2 Het experiment van Watson: kleine Albert (little Albert).......................................................12
1.3 Kenmerken van klassieke conditionering................................................................................12
1.3.1 Uitdoving.........................................................................................................................12
1.3.2 Herconditionering............................................................................................................12
1.3.3 Prikkelveralgemening.......................................................................................................12
1.3.4 Prikkeldiscriminatie..........................................................................................................12
2. Operante conditionering..............................................................................................................13
2.1 Het experiment van Thorndike...............................................................................................13
2.2 Het experiment van Skinner...................................................................................................13
2.3 Kenmerken van operante conditionering...............................................................................14
2.3.1 Bekrachtigers...................................................................................................................14
2.3.2 Positieve en negatieve bekrachtigers...............................................................................14
2.3.3 Positieve en negatieve straf.............................................................................................14
2.3.4 Primaire en secundaire bekrachtigers..............................................................................15
2.3.5 Prikkeldiscriminatie..........................................................................................................15
2.3.6 Prikkelveralgemening.......................................................................................................15
2.3.7 Uitdoving.........................................................................................................................15
2.3.8 Bekrachtigingsschema’s...................................................................................................15
1
, 2.3.9 Shaping............................................................................................................................15
2.4 Alternatieven voor straffen en belonen..................................................................................16
3.1 Het experiment van Bandura..................................................................................................16
3.1.1 Wat leren we uit het experiment van Bandura?..............................................................16
3.2 Kenmerken van het leren door imiteren.................................................................................17
4. Inzichtelijk leren............................................................................................................................17
4.1 Het experiment van Köhler.....................................................................................................17
4.1.1 Wat leren we uit dit experiment?....................................................................................17
4.2 Kenmerken van het inzichtelijk leren......................................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 3: Geheugen........................................................................................................................18
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................18
2. Het informatieverwerkingsmodel.................................................................................................18
2.1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................18
2.2 Het Zintuigelijke of Sensorische geheugen.............................................................................19
2.3 Het Korte Termijn Geheugen (KTG)........................................................................................19
2.4 Het Lange Termijn Geheugen (LTG)........................................................................................20
2.4.1 Verschillende geheugentypes in het LTG.........................................................................21
2.4.1.1 Intentioneel – incidenteel geheugen........................................................................21
2.4.1.2 Expliciet – impliciet geheugen...................................................................................22
2.4.1.3 Episodisch, semantisch en procedureel geheugen...................................................22
3 Factoren die de werking van het geheugen beïnvloeden..............................................................22
3.1 Duur: de vergeetcurve van Ebbinghaus..................................................................................22
3.2 Structuur.................................................................................................................................22
3.3 Grondigheid van de verwerking..............................................................................................22
3.4 Vergeten door interferentie...................................................................................................22
3.5 Motivatie................................................................................................................................22
3.6 Emotionele factoren...............................................................................................................22
3.7 Contextafhankelijkheid...........................................................................................................23
4. De juiste studiemethode, een goed gebruik van ons geheugen...................................................24
4.5.6 Beweging, slaap en voeding.............................................................................................24
4.5.6.4 Leerstijlen.................................................................................................................24
Hoofdstuk 4: Intelligentie.....................................................................................................................25
1 Wat verstaan mensen onder intelligentie......................................................................................25
2 Analytische intelligentie.................................................................................................................26
2.1 Intelligentietests.....................................................................................................................26
2.2 Werkelijke leeftijd – verstandelijke leeftijd.............................................................................27
2
, 2.3 Intelligentiequotiënt...............................................................................................................27
2.4 Spreiding van de intelligentie.................................................................................................27
2.5 De structuur van analytische intelligentie...............................................................................28
2.5.1 Spearman’s g-factor.........................................................................................................28
2.5.2 Model van Cattell.............................................................................................................28
2.6 Enkele gegevens over IQ.........................................................................................................28
2.6.1 Hoe stabiel zijn IQ-scores?...............................................................................................28
2.6.2 Invloed van erfelijkheid en omgeving op IQ-scores.........................................................29
2.6.2.1 Invloed van erfelijkheid.............................................................................................29
2.6.2.2 Invloed van de omgeving..........................................................................................29
2.6.3 Het Flynneffect................................................................................................................29
3 Praktische intelligentie..................................................................................................................30
3.1 Praktische en creatieve intelligentie van Sternberg................................................................30
3.2 Multipele of meervoudige intelligenties van Gardner............................................................30
4 Sociale en emotionele intelligentie................................................................................................31
4.1 Componenten van sociaal-emotionele intelligentie...............................................................31
4.2 Het leren van sociale en emotionele vaardigheden................................................................31
5 Besluit............................................................................................................................................31
Hoofdstuk 5: Emoties...........................................................................................................................32
1 Wat is ‘emotie’?.............................................................................................................................32
1.1 Aspecten van een emotie.......................................................................................................32
1.2 Onderscheid tussen emotie, stemming, temperament en gevoelsstoornis............................33
2 Evaluatie van de stimulus..............................................................................................................33
2.1 Zajonc: twee routes voor emoties..........................................................................................33
3 Respons: de lichamelijke component van emoties........................................................................33
3.1 Bijdrage van autonome zenuwstelsel.....................................................................................33
3.2 De gezichtsuitdrukking van emoties.......................................................................................34
3.3 Aangeboren, aangeleerd, cultureel verschillend....................................................................34
3.4 Het belang van gezichtsfeedback............................................................................................34
3.5 Emotioneel handelen..............................................................................................................34
4 De bewuste, subjectieve ervaring van de emotie..........................................................................34
4.1 We interpreteren de omgeving..............................................................................................34
4.2 We beoordelen de situatie.....................................................................................................34
4.3 We zijn al dan niet bereid tot actie.........................................................................................35
4.4 We evalueren de emotie........................................................................................................35
4.5 Omgaan met emoties.............................................................................................................35
3
, 4.5.1 Emotieregulatie...............................................................................................................35
4.5.2 Therapie...........................................................................................................................36
Besluit...............................................................................................................................................36
Hoofdstuk 6: Motivatie.........................................................................................................................37
1 Wat is motivatie?...........................................................................................................................37
2 Intrinsieke en extrinsieke motivatie...............................................................................................38
Intrinsieke motivatie.....................................................................................................................38
Extrinsieke motivatie....................................................................................................................38
2.2.1 Behoeftehiërarchie van Maslow......................................................................................38
2.2.2 Zelfdeterminatietheorie...................................................................................................39
2.2.2.1 De 3 basisbehoeften.................................................................................................39
2.3 Beïnvloeding extrinsieke en intrinsieke motivatie..................................................................39
3 Motivationele conflicten................................................................................................................40
4 Zelfcontrole...................................................................................................................................40
4.1 Uitstelgedrag..........................................................................................................................40
4.2 Zelfregulatie............................................................................................................................40
5 Attributietheorie en motivatie.......................................................................................................41
5.1 Mindset...................................................................................................................................42
5.1.1 Zin en onzin van ‘growth mindset’...................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 7: Waarneming....................................................................................................................43
1 Inleiding.........................................................................................................................................43
2 Functies van het waarnemen.........................................................................................................44
2.1 Functies om je te oriënteren in de omgeving.........................................................................44
2.2 Functies om je te ontwikkelen................................................................................................44
2.3 Belevingsfuncties....................................................................................................................45
2.4 Aandachtspunten en begeleidingstips voor een veilig klimaat...............................................45
3 Algemene kenmerken van het waarnemingsproces......................................................................45
4 Beïnvloedende factoren................................................................................................................47
4.1 Beïnvloeding door fysiologische factoren...............................................................................47
4.2 Beïnvloeding door interpersoonlijke factoren........................................................................47
4.2.1 Halo- en Horn effect.........................................................................................................47
4.2.2 Eerste indruk (primacy) effect..........................................................................................47
4.2.3 Laatste indruk (receny) effect..........................................................................................47
4.2.4 Selffulfiling prophecy (vooroordelen)..............................................................................47
4.3 Beïnvloeding door het persoonlijk referentiekader................................................................47
4.4 Beïnvloeding door affectieve en conatieve factoren..............................................................48
4
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