SECTION A
1. The world first became aware of a new disease – which was later known as Aids - in (a) ___ when (b) ___.
1. (a) 1982; (b) heterosexual people in central Africa showed symptoms like severe diarrhoea and weight loss – a
disease that was referred to as ‘slim disease’at the time...
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SECTION A
1. The world first became aware of a new disease – which was later known as Aids - in (a) ___ when (b) ___.
1. (a) 1982; (b) heterosexual people in central Africa showed symptoms like severe diarrhoea and weight loss – a
disease that was referred to as ‘slim disease’at the time
2. (a) 1980; (b) scientists were baffled by a new disease that was sexually transmitted
3. (a) 1981; (b) a very rare form of pneumonia and an uncommon type of cancer were diagnosed in homosexual men in
Los Angeles
4. (a) 1983; (b) a rare form of pneumonia (PCP) was diagnosed in people with haemophilia
2. Which HI virus type is predominant in Southern Africa?
1. HIV 1 Subtype B
2. HIV 1 Subtype C
3. HIV 2 Subtype B and C in combination
4. HIV 2 Subtype C
3. The defences of the immune system can be divided into two main groups namely the non-specific defences and the
specific defences. An example of the specific defences is ___.
1. CD4+T cells
2. the skin an mucous membranes
3. plasma proteins
4. macrophages
4. Which of the following features describe the HI virus?
a. It is a retrovirus
b. It is a very small organism
c. It is roughly cirucular in shape
d. It can only be seen with a microscope
The correct answer is:
1. (a)
2. (b) and (c)
3. (a) (b) and (c)
4. (a) (b) (c) and (d)
5. One reason why HIV changes rapidly is because___.
1. they become resistant against AR medications
2. virusses that cause different illnesses combine
3. there are several subtypes of HIV
4. mutation occur during replication
6. There are various biological, epidemiological and socioeconomic factors that influence the spread of HIV infection.
Women are biologically more vulnerable to HIV infection than men, because women ___.
1. living in traditional African societies are usually forced to comply with cultural practices, such as living with their in-
laws and subjecting themselves to the practice of widow cleansing
2. are exposed to semen for a longer time during sex than men are to vaginal fluids, and semen contains higher
concentrations of HIV than vaginal fluids do
3. living in poor and deprived conditions are often forced to become sex workers in order to keep themselves and their
children alive
4. often have more sexual partners than men
,7. It is the policy of the South African National Blood Service (SANBS) to test all donated blood for the following:
1. HIV only.
2. HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis.
3. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis.
4. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and herpes.
8. With the definition of ‘HIV-exposed’ in mind, which one of the following examples explains the definition or
concept the best?
1. Nozuko was exposed to the blood of her mother at birth, and it is certain that she will be HIV infected.
2. Tony was born to an HIV infected mother, but an HIV test has to be done before it is certain if he is HIV positive or
negative.
3. Amalia was born to an HIV infected mother who also breastfed her, and therefore her exposure to HIV is very high.
4. Peter was exposed to the blood of his mother during birth, but his mother was already on ARVs during her
pregnancy. He was therefore not exposed to HIV.
9. As a healthcare worker, you ask a client to compile examples of facts and myths about HIV transmission. The client
gave a correct answer by stating that transmission of HIV through (a) ____ is a fact, while transmission of HIV through
(b) ____ is a myth.
1. (a) unprotected sex; (b) breastmilk
2. (a) swimming pools; (b) blood transfusions
3. (a) contact with infected blood; (b) mosquito bites
4. (a) coughing or sneezing; (b) handshaking or hugging
10. Universal precautions are based on ___.
1. a patient’s physical appearance
2. contact with HIV infected individuals
3. a positive diagnosis of HIV infection or Aids
4. risk of exposure to body fluids and blood that might contain the HI virus
11. The health status of the immune system of an HIV infected person can be more accurately predicted by ___.
1. measuring the viral load in the person’s blood. The lower the viral count, the sicker the person will be
2. the patient’s adherence to the prescribed drug regimen as well as how well the patient takes care of him-/herself in
terms of diet and exercise
3. doing a CD4+T cell count. The lower the CD4+T cell count, the sicker the person will be and the higher the possibility
of opportunistic infections
4. counting the number of opportunistic infections the person had over the last four weeks. More opportunistic
infections are an indication of an inadequately functioning immune system
12. Complete the following sentence: The HIV viral load is usually (a) ___ during the primary phase of HIV infection (in
the first weeks after infection). This is due to (b) ___.
1. (a) high; (b) very rapid multiplication and replication of the virus after infection
2. (a) moderate; (b) the development of a steady viral state (previously called ‘set point’).
3. (a) undetectable; (b) the fact that the person is still in the window period and the diagnostic tests are not sensitive
enough to pick up the low viral levels
4. (a) low; (b) the remarkable capacity of the body’s immune system to be able to resist, even temporarily, the immense
viral onslaught in this phase of the infection
13. A child with (a) ___ (which is a symptom of TB in children) and a history of (b)___should be regarded as having TB
unless proven otherwise.
1. (a) current cough; (b) swollen lymph nodes
2. (a) poor weight gain; (b) close contact with a person with TB in the last year
3. (a) unexplained weight loss of >1.5kg in a month; (b) having a parent who was treated for TB before
4. (a) fatigue or reduced playfulness; (b) coughing and persistent fever
, 14. Drug-resistant TB is a big problem in Africa and it is of great concern to health authorities. What is meant by the
concept drug-resistant TB?
1. Drug resistant TB means that the TB drugs developed ways to resist the TB bacillus (or germ), mainly because
patients do not take their medications as prescribed.
2. Drug resistant TB usually occurs in patients who are co-infected with HIV, because the interaction between the TB
drugs and the ARVs makes the TB drugs less effective and more resistant.
3. When a patient develops drug resistant TB, it means that the patient has developed resistance to most of the
available TB drugs and that these drugs are no longer effective against TB.
4. When a patient developed drug resistant TB, it means that the patient is infected with a strain of the TB bacillus (or
germ) that is resistant to most of the available TB drugs, meaning that these drugs are no longer effective against TB.
15. The treatment of STIs (sexually transmitted infections) is based on either the diagnostic or the syndromic
management approach. The diagnostic approach is often used in so-called first world countries. Which one of the
following is an advantage of diagnostic case management?
1. The diagnostic approach does not require laboratory support.
2. A definite diagnosis of the STI can be established by identifying the causing organism.
3. Patients do not have to wait for treatment since the results of diagnostic tests are available immediately.
4. The chances of over-treating patients by giving them more drugs than are actually necessary are very large.
16. HIV testing is carried out for the following reason/s ___.
1. to screen donated blood, to diagnose HIV infection and to monitor responses to antiretroviral therapy
2. to research the transmission patterns and prevalence of the virus
3. to test the specificity and the sensitivity of a test
4. Answers (1) and (2) above is correct
17. What is the difference between HIV antibody tests and HIV viral tests?
1. The HIV viral test is more likely to give false positive results than the HIV antibody test.
2. The results of HIV viral tests are available within 10 to 30 minutes, while the results of HIV antibody tests are
available only after 5 to 10 days.
3. HIV viral tests are more reliable than HIV antibody tests because the window period of the HIV viral test is much
shorter than the window period of the HIV antibody test.
4. HIV antibody tests react to antibodies in the blood which have formed in reaction to the HI virus, while HIV viral tests
react to the presence of the actual virus in the blood.
18. The dried blood spot (DBS) test is a convenient way to test HIV infection in young babies because it is ___.
1. painless
2. based on HIV antibodies
3. inexpensive and easy to use
4. All of the above
19. Susan is participating in a vaccine trial (which means that she received an HIV vaccine). If Susan is tested for HIV
with an HIV antibody test, she will test (a)_____ because (b)_____.
1. (a) negative; (b) she is not infected by HIV
2. (a) false positive; (b) a vaccine stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies against the antigens
3. (a) positive; (b) vaccines contain real antigens and the current tests will show these antigens as a positive result
4. (a) inconclusive; (b) there are no tests available yet to distinguish between people who are really infected by HIV and
people who received an HIV vaccine
20. The first antiretroviral drug, AZT, was approved for use in ___.
1. 1983
2. 1985
3. 1987
4. 1994
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