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Full 104 page summary of Monetary Economics (ECS3701) Module
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- University Of South Africa (Unisa)
This is a 104 page summary of Chapter 1 to 24 VERY GOOD FOR EXAM PREP
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ECS3701 – Monetary Economics - 2014Monetary Economic – ECS3701
CHAPTER 1 - WHY STUDY MONEY, BANKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS.
WHY STUDY FINANCIAL MARKETS
Financial markets such as bond and stock markets are crucial to promoting greater economic efficiency by
channeling funds from people who do not have a proper use to people who do. Well functioning financial markets
are a key to producing high economic growth and have direct effects on personal wealth, behavior on business
consumers and the cyclical performance of the economy.
The Bond Market and Interest Rates
A security (also called a financial instrument) is a claim on the issuer’s future income or assets. The bond market is
important because it enables corporations and governments to borrow to finance their activities and because it is
where interest rates are determined.
A bond is a debt that promises to make payments periodically for a specific period of time.
An interest rate is the cost of borrowing or the price paid for the rental of funds. Interest rates are important
because:
1. Higher rates could deter one from borrowing to buy a house or car.
2. Conversely, higher rates could encourage one to save money as cost of borrowing is higher.
3. They impact the general health of the economy as they affect consumers and business’s willingness to
spend, save or make investment decisions.
The Stock Market
A common stock represents a share of ownership in a corporation. It is a security claim on the earnings and assets
of the corporation. Issuing stock and selling it to the public is a way for corporations to raise funds to finance their
activities.
‘The market’ is a place where people can get rich – or poor – quickly.
The stock market is important as the price of the shares affects the amount of funds that can be raised be selling
newly issued stock to finance spending, a higher price means more funds.
WHY STUDY FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND BANKING?
Banks and other financial institutions are what makes financial markets work, without them, financial markets
would not be able to move funds from people who save to people have productive investment opportunities.
Structure of the Financial System
The financial system is complex comprising of many different institutions such as banks, insurance companies,
mutual funds, finance companies and investment banks. Financial intermediaries borrow money from people who
have saved and in turn make loans to others. The cost being the interest rate.
Financial Crisis
A financial crisis is a major disruption in the financial markets that are characterized by sharp declines in assets
prices and the failures of many financial and nonfinancial firms. Defaults in subprime residential mortgages led to
major losses in the financial institutions producing two of the largest banks to fails, Bear Sterns and Lehman
Brothers causing the worst crises since the financial depression, starting in August 2007.
H. Crassas Page 1
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