These notes independent Africa, namely, Angola, Congo and Tanzania. These notes include the coming of independence in these countries of the colonialism, and the influences of the various European powers. They tried to slow down and influence their independence. The influence of significant leaders...
Angola
- Colonized by the Portuguese from 1557, next 400 years, found by an explorer
- Portugal did very little in terms of developing Angola (peasant farmers had land
taken away from them and given to white farmers, forced to work long hours on
coffee/cotton plantations, paid little)
- 1950s - portugal struggling to hold onto colonies, MPLA (movement for the
liberation of Angola) was formed to fight for independence > people were
impatient > colonizers locked up anti-colonial leaders
- Feb 1961, militants broke in to free their leaders, angolan government panicked >
called white colonists to help them > killing spree
- Portugal’s refusal to accept nationalist demands > war from 1961 to 1974
War of Independence / Anti-colonial war
- Feld into hills to join MPLA > guerilla war
Rival groups : FNLA (National front for the liberation of Angola) and UNITA > first
supported by China and later the US
- Portugal was supported by the US and NATO allies
- Able to suppress forces till 1960s,
- Started to take a toll on their economy
- (other colonies also had anti-colonial struggles)
Left wing coup > Portugal > 1974
Decided to grant independence to colonies
Jan 1975 > Alvor Agreement > elections + transitional government until Portugal
withdrew
- Agostino Neto > MPLA > president of transitional government , tasked with
leading the country till Portugal left and leading elections
- FNLA, MPLA + UNITA > civil war
Fighting lasted from 1975 - 2002
- Angola declared independence in Nov 1975
- Control of luanda from March 1975 to independence day in november
1975 was a target
, - By july 1975, MPLA controlled Luanda and majority of oil > able to declare
self official government
Superpowers became incredibly involved
USSR - MPLA
USA - FNLA later UNITA
Apartheid SA > attacked MPLA and suported FNLA (1975 OCT) claiming
it had US support to do so
Response : Cuba sent soldiers to support MPLA, SA retreated
Troops from SA + troops from Zaire > second push on Luanda to try
overthrow MPLA and allies
Wanted capitalist government with FNLA and UNITA to take over
Aid by Cuba and USSR kept MPLA in power, the opposing forces had to
retreat
November 11, 1975 > Marxist-Leninist state led MPLA + MPLA forces
became national Angolan army
War continued! African leaders mainly supported MPLA, against other
movements for having Apartheid SA support
MPLA > attacked FNLA causing disintegration and drove UNITA out of
headquarters in Huambo > retreated SE
US + SA continued sending arms > UNITA
Took control of Southern, central and northern angola
- MPLA agreed to negotiate peace + withdrawal of Cuba
- Cuba withdrew when SA troops agreed to withdraw from Southern
Angola and grant Namibia independence > 1989
Reasons for involvement and nature of foreign states in Angola :
The USSR :
Claimed the Angolan war was critical for balance of power during
cold war, proxy war. Rift between movements made intervention
easy. Tried to dominate one another by appealing for support from
international sponsors
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