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KRM 110 summary

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The notes provided are based on the textbook 'A Southern African Perspective on Fundamental Criminology. These notes summarise the content in the relevant chapters using colourful diagrams and charts. I created and used these notes to study for KRM 110 and achieved a distinction.

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  • June 24, 2023
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Chapter 7: Violent Crimes




Culpable
multicide spree, serial, mass
homicide




Murder Murder assassinations




Subtypes Muti-related killings




Intimate-partner
Common assault
femicide




Assault with
Violent crime categories Assault Murder of police officials
intent to do GBH




Sub-types school violence




Common robbery




Robbery with
Robbery aggrivating
circumstances
home invasions


Subtypes


business robbery

,VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION

• Aggression and violence are part of human existence
• Violence was once necessary for survival
• Aggression is not synonymous with violence (not all aggressive people
are violent people)
o predicting violent behaviour/dangerousness/aggression is
unreliable
Problems with prediction
• Difficult to predict future behaviour
o Impacts different levels of justice system
▪ Parole
• Dangerousness is not a psychiatric diagnosis
• ‘risk’ preferred over ‘dangerous’
• Defining dangerousness is challenging
• Dangerous behaviour=S

DILEMMA OF PROBABLE FUTURE VIOLENCE
• Therapists consult daily with dangerous individuals to discuss their anger
and violent thoughts
• Therapists are allowed to break confidentiality when:
o Instructed by court of law
o Justified in public interest
• Declaration of an individual as a dangerous offender
o Offender poses a threat to physical and mental health of citizens
of a society and require protection
o Once declared a dangerous criminal, parole is not an option

,MacArthur risk assessment study
• USA study
• Main finding: More people would end up in the official judicial system if
prediction was the only factor used to determine violent behaviour
o Many people who are predicted to be violent are not actually
violent
• Clinicians are likely to over-predict a person’s level of dangerousness
• Assesses risk in terms of violence and aggression



Risk Factors
These factors are used to predict violent behaviour.


Historical Disposistional Contextual
Clinical factors
variables factors variables
• employment • age • access to • psychiatric
history • mental weapons state
• criminal capability • general living • use of
record • personality arrangments narcotics




Varieties of human aggression
What violence and aggression entails
Passive aggressive behaviour generally irrelevant to violent crime

, hitting/punching WITHOUT
Direct
consent (not boxing)

Physical
practical joke, booby trap
Active

Indirect
example: pulling
someone's chair out in
class


direct insulting, swearing

Verbal
malicious gossip, spreading
indirect
rumours




obstruction of passage
to block others
Direct
e.g. sit ins during
Physical strikes
Passive




refusing to perform a
Indirect
necessry task

refusing to speak to
Direct
'punish' someone

Verbal refusing consent, vocal
or written
Indirect
e.g. husband refuses
to sign divorce papers

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