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Module 4 :From DNA to RNA
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In-depth and detailed notes on molecular biology module 4 from DNA to RNA. Include notes from lectures and recommended readings.
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Lecture 1 genes polymerases and promotersAims
compare gene structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
describe and explain the principle features or transcription
Rna polymerase basic function
sense antisense coding noncoding Dna strands
Nucleotide structure
transcription initiation complex
DNA Genes
is
RNA
translation
mrna noncoding Rna
natureand structure of genes
a gene is a genetic unit containinginformation to make a functional product Rna and or protein
In order for a gene to function it needs to contain information
structural information sequence that is going to be transcribedandor translated needs to have a
defined function coding Dna
temporal information that tells a gene when to switch on leg developmental program or growth
positional information telling a gene where to switch on tissuecellspecific
Inducible information to switch genes on and off according to certainstimuli Genes that may
be switched on or off by things like stress nutrients or hormones
rokaryotic gene organisation
typical structure of the prokaryoticgene
Linear model of the gene
spacer
codingregions
transcription start leader ccistrons
3
my terminator
transcript
romoter definestranscription
tartsite anddirection polycistronicmrna
t
LeaderspacersectionorDna start end
which is nontranslated to run translation
cistron segment or Dna
respondingtooneprotein
or
transcription startstop sites are not the same as translation start stop sites
only cistrons are made to protein
Leaders and spacers are transcribed to Rna but not translatedand made to protein
, Eukaryotic class mrna encoding genes
codes for a protein
regulatoryelements
promoter g 3
enhancer sometimes distalfrompromoter
containstranscriptionfactorbindingsites
Intron in primary rna transcript but
removed from mature transcript Man
progfed
removedbysplicing afterDna is
transcribed bysplicing
Exons In processed or mature mrna
Exons are joinedtogether
forma readingframe with a start and
if start stop
first exon always includes a
Din terminus gggde.ca boxygroup
dgtzeypepti
region of Rna that is not endof polypeptide
translated is utr g me am
same with last 13 utr
size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes
Eukaryotic genescan be quite large genes that code for proteins Larger than they need to be
IF youcalculate now much information is needed to make a protein or a particular size a gene is on
average for it in a eucaryote about no times larger than it needs to be
mostinformation is intergenic tends to be non coding
Lower eukaryotic like yeast and prokaryotic genes are smalland equate more to the size of the
polypeptidesthey produce
contain mostly just the structural information
Forexample a polypeptide which consists of soo amino acids only needs asoo bases in order to makeit
prokaryoticgene might be about soo to 2000bases
eukaryotic gene it may be larger like sorb to rookb
Generalmechanism or transcription
the Dna that codes for a gene is made up or
codingstrand sense s to3
read from s to 3 meaning it starts from the end that contains the phosphate down to the end that
contains a hydroxyl group
Rna sequence has the same sequence as coding strand
template strand antisense 3 s
sequence is complementary to Rna product
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