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Summary Grade 8_Social Sciences [SS] Summaries

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'This Grade 8 Social Sciences Noteset is perfect for helping a student understand and retain the CAPS syllabus for grades 8 Geography and History. It includes comprehensive notes and summaries for terms 1 to 4 in an easy to read format to help you stay up to date with the curriculum. Save time and ...

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  • July 17, 2023
  • 66
  • 2022/2023
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By: ashleighpienaar • 1 year ago

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notedx19
Social Sciences

, MAPS & ATLASES [MAPWORK]
[LINES OF LATITUDE & LONGITUDE = INDICATE PLACES ON EARTH]

LATITUDE →imaginary line on a map that runs PARALLEL with the equator

Z West to East (→)
Z Parallel to equator & each other
Z Circles (different size)
Z Indicates how far north / south FROM EQUATOR
Z Number in degrees (°) from 0° (EQUATOR) to 90°N (NORTH POLE) and 90°S (SOUTH POLE)



LINES OF LONGITUDE →imaginary line on a map connecting the NORTH POLE and the SOUTH
POLE

Z North Pole to South Pole ()
Z Farthest from each other at equator
Z Meet at the poles
Z Indicates how far west / east from ZERO MEDIAN [→median of longitude > by
Greenwich, England]
Z Number in degrees (°) from 0° (ZERO PREMEDIAN), EAST 180°E, WEST 180°W


MEASURE > WIDTH LOCATION AND LENGTH
LOCATION
[LATITUDE LOCATION →distance from a place
north / south of equator MEASURED IN DEGREES
AND MINUTES]

[LONGITUDE LOCATION (MERIDIANS)→distance of
a place west / east from ZERO MEDIAN MEASURED
IN DEGREES AND MINUTES]
𝟏
*** Each degree of latitude / longitude can be divided into minutes [ of a degree >
𝟔𝟎
symbol = ']

1° = 60' (60 minutes)

¼° = 15'

½= 30'

¾= 45'


[COORDINATES → numbers indicating intersection of latitude and
longitude lines (of places on a map)]
**** VERY IMPORTANT!!!
= ALWAYS FIRST THE LATITUDE LOCATION (N / S) THEN THE LENGTH LOCATION
(W / O)


2© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za

, 2 WAYS TO GET PLACES ON A MAP
1. GRID BLOCK POSITION

[using grid blocks (e.g., A5) by analysing the columns at the bottom and then rows
numbered along the side > REMEMBER! Alphanumeric > FIRST THE LETTER THEN THE NUMBER]

2. COORDINATE POSITION

[use of degrees and minutes on a map to stipulate the position of a place on the map]


SCALE [TYPES]

[(MAP) SCALE → relationship between distance on a map & ground distance
indicating it > in words (word scale), divided line (line scale> line on map to
indicate the distance on the ground) / as a relationship (e.g., 1 : 2 500 000
(25km) > 1cm on map = 25km in reality]

MAINLAND = SMALL SCALE MAP → 1 : 175 000 000(1 cm = 1,750 km) [world]
[LARGE SCALE MAPS]
COUNTRY [SMALL AREA] > MORE DETAIL → 1 : 90 000 000 (1 cm = 900 km)
PROVINCE [REGION] → 1 : 4 000 000(1cm = 40km)
LOCAL AREA → 1 : 5 500 000(1cm = 55km)


MEASURE DISTANCE ON A MAP

100cm-1m

1000cm-10m

10,000cm-100m

100,000cm-1000m/1km

"PAPER METHOD"
METHOD 1 Z Put a piece of paper on the map so that it passes through the 2
measuring points
Z Mark the 2 measuring points on the piece of paper
Z Put the paper next to the line scale [put right-hand mark in line
with the kilometer mark and left-hand mark on 0 mark]
"PASSER METHOD"
METHOD 2 Z Set width of calliper between the 2 measurement points
Z Place the points on the line scale [put right-hand point in line with
the kilometer mark and left-hand point on 0-mark]
“MATHEMATICAL CALCULATION METHOD”
METHOD 3 Map scale = 1 : 50 000 [1cm on map = 50 000 cm on ground]


Cm (measured on map) x
50 000
100 000
BUT WHY 100 000?
>1km = 1 000m (1 000 x 100) = 100 000 cm




3© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za

, THE GLOBE

[SEMICIRCLES = HEMISPHERE]

→ causes world seasons

→ formed by ZERO MERIDIAN & 180°meidian




[THE EARTH ROTATES ON ITS OWN AXIS = CAUSES DAY AND NIGHT]

→ axis = imaginary LINE OF LONGITUDE

→ +- 24 hours = complete rotation [ROTATE = ANTI-CLOCKWISE]

→ earth = spherical > if one half is in the sun (day), the other is in the shadow (night) [THIS
CAUSES TIME, TIME ZONES ETC.]

Time zones →different points on the earth have different times at the same instant

[EARTH = ROTATE COMPLETELY > 360° > 1 TIME PER DAY > 24 HOURS]
= 15° per hour
360°
= ROTATE
24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
RULE:

Places EAST (“behind”) = LATER

Places WEST (“before”) = EARLIER

[if time changes by 1h / 15° longitude = time difference
of 4 min for every 1° longitude




[STANDARD TIME → time of a specific meridian used over a large area]
**** VERY IMPORTANT!!!
= All places in SA calculate their time from the 30° E Meridian


4© Noted Summaries Grade 8 SW Part 1: Geography www.notedsummaries.co.za

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